| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 36) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 54,325 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 90 | Breast cancer mortality | Chinese cabbage |
HR = 1.54 (0.76-3.08) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.76 (0.88-3.52).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.54 (0.76-3.08).
| Age and study area. |
| 28) Velie EM. (2005) | The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project. | 23,183 women aged 40-91 with a BMI < 25. (USA) | 8 (1987-89 to 1997) | 1,024 | Breast cancer risk
(including in situ cases) | Cabbage (coleslaw, cooked cabbage, and sauerkraut) |
RH = 0.80 (0.66-0.97; P = 0.16) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Never eat: RH = 1.
Q2: RH = 0.82 (0.68-0.99).
Q3: RH = 0.81 (0.67-0.98).
Q4: RH = 0.80 (0.66-0.97).
Similar although less significant results were observed in the full sample of all study participants (40,599 women/ 1,868 cases) regardless of BMI (data not shown). | Age, total energy intake, education, family history of breast cancer, BMI, height, parity, age at first live birth, age at menarche, menopausal hormone use, average weekday vigorous physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol use. |
| 21) van Gils CH. (2005) | The EPIC Study. | 259 301 women between the ages of 25 and 70 years.
(8 European countries. Excluding Greece, and Norway [and 1 center from Sweden]) | 5.4
(1992-98 to 2002) | 3,503 | invasive breast cancer risk | Cabbages (not defined) |
RR = 1.18 (1.01-1.38; P = 0.11) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 3: RR = 1.
> 3-≤ 12: RR = 1.12 (0.98-1.29).
> 12-≤ 23: RR = 1.09 (0.95-1.25).
> 23-≤ 43: RR = 1.09 (0.95-1.25).
> 43: RR = 1.18 (1.01-1.38). | Stratified by center and age. Adjusted for energy intake divided into energy from fat and energy from nonfat sources, alcohol intake, saturated fat intake, height, weight, age at menarche, parity, current oral contraceptive use, current use of hormone therapy, menopausal status, smoking status, physical activity, and education. |
| 21) Olsen A (2003) | The Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort | 23,798 postmenopausal women age 50-64.
(Denmark) | 1993-97 to 2000 | 425? | Breast cancer risk | Cabbages (not defined, but including cauliflower) | No single subgroup of fruits and/or vegetables was strongly associated with the incidence rate of breast cancer in this study (no data shown). | Age, time under study, parity, previous benign breast tumor surgery, education, use of hormone replacement therapy, duration of HRT use, intake of alcohol and BMI. |
| 15) Smith-Warner SA. (2001) | Pooled Analysis of 6 Cohort Studies. | 259,587 | 6-10 | 5,775? | Invasive breast cancer risk | Cabbage |
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- 1) A published prospective study with at least 200 incident breast cancer cases.
- 2) Assessment of usual dietary intake.
- 3) A validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument.
INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of breast cancer cases):
- The Iowa Women's Health Study (1986-1995/1130).
Kushi LH, Fee RM, Sellers TA, Zheng W, Folsom AR. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Jul 15;144(2):165-74. Full text
- The Netherlands Cohort Study (1986-1992/937).
Verhoeven DT, Assen N, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E, van 't Veer P, Sturmans F. Vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer. 1997;75(1):149-55. Abstract
- The New York State Cohort (1980-1987/367).
Graham S, Zielezny M, Marshall J, Priore R, Freudenheim J, Brasure J. Diet in the epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in the New York State Cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 1992 Dec 1;136(11):1327-37. Abstract
- The New York University Women's Health Study (1985-1994/386).
Toniolo P, Riboli E, Shore RE, Pasternacks BS. Consumption of meat, animal products, protein, and fat and risk of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study in New York. Epidemiology. 1994 Jul;5(4):391-7. Abstract
- The Nurses' Health Study B (1986-1996/1638).
Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Colditz GA. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Mar 17;91(6):547-56. Full text
- The Sweden Mammography Cohort (1987-1997/1318).
Wolk A, Bergstrom R, Hunter D, Willet W, Ljung H, Holmberg L. A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Jan 12;158(1):41-5. Full text
RELATIVE RISK:
No significant association: RR = 1.05 (0.85-1.29) per 100 g/day increment.
P for heterogeneity in results across studies = 0.97.
Menopausal status at follow-up did not modify the associations (no data shown).
| Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at birth of first child, oral contraceptive use (ever/never), history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status (ever/never), education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |