| 32) Fink BN (2006) | The Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP). | 1,235 invasive breast cancer cases (376 pre-menopausal, and 834 post-menopausal) age 25-98.
(USA) | 1996-97 to 2002-04 | 43 pre-menopausal, and 131 post-menopausal | All-cause mortality | Citrus fruits (oranges; grapefruit, orange juice or grapefruit juice) | At the 1996-97 case-control interview, respondents completed a FFQ.
Stratified by menopausal status:
| Pre-menopausal | Post-menopausal |
HR = 1.70 (0.75-3.89; P = 0.51) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (in 0.5 cup servings per week):
0-1: HR = 1.
2-4: HR = 0.65 (0.29-1.45).
5-7: HR = 1.03 (0.46-2.33).
8-11: HR = 0.56 (0.24-1.33).
12+: HR = 1.70 (0.75-3.89).
|
HR = 0.90 (0.56-1.44; P = 0.46) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (in 0.5 cup servings per week):
0-1: HR = 1.
2-4: HR = 1.36 (0.91-2.02).
5-7: HR = 0.93 (0.60-1.42).
8-11: HR = 0.93 (0.61-1.42).
12+: HR = 0.90 (0.56-1.44).
|
Postmenopausal women.
Stratified by ER/PR status:
| ER+ PR+ | ER+ PR-, ER- PR+, ER- PR- |
| HR = 1.01 (0.54-1.89; P = 0.92) for consumption ≥ 8 vs 0-7 0.5-cup servings per week.
|
HR = 0.82 (0.47-1.43; P = 0.29) for consumption ≥ 8 vs 0-7 0.5-cup servings per week.
|
Breast cancer mortality:
Results for breast cancer-specific mortality as the outcome were approximately equal to those for all-cause mortality (data not shown).Age and energy. |
| 21) Olsen A (2003) | The Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort | 23,798 postmenopausal women age 50-64.
(Denmark) | 1993-97 to 2000 | 425? | Breast cancer risk | Citrus fruits (not defined) | No single subgroup of fruits and/or vegetables was strongly associated with the incidence rate of breast cancer in this study (no data shown). | Age, time under study, parity, previous benign breast tumor surgery, education, use of hormone replacement therapy, duration of HRT use, intake of alcohol and BMI. |
| 15) Smith-Warner SA. (2001) | Pooled Analysis of 8 Cohort Studies. | 351,825 | 5-16 | 7,377? | Invasive breast cancer risk | Rutaceae (e.g. grapefruits, oranges) |
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- 1) A published prospective study with at least 200 incident breast cancer cases.
- 2) Assessment of usual dietary intake.
- 3) A validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument.
INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of breast cancer cases):
- The Adventist Health Study (1976-1982/160).
Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL. Dietary habits and breast cancer incidence among Seventh-day Adventists. Cancer. 1989 Aug 1;64(3):582-90. Abstract
- The Canadian National Breast Screening Study (1982-1987/419).
Rohan TE, Howe GR, Friedenreich CM, Jain M, Miller AB. Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 1993 Jan;4(1):29-37. Abstract
- The Iowa Women's Health Study (1986-1995/1130).
Kushi LH, Fee RM, Sellers TA, Zheng W, Folsom AR. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Jul 15;144(2):165-74. Full text
- The Netherlands Cohort Study (1986-1992/937).
Verhoeven DT, Assen N, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E, van 't Veer P, Sturmans F. Vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer. 1997;75(1):149-55. Abstract
- The New York State Cohort (1980-1987/367).
Graham S, Zielezny M, Marshall J, Priore R, Freudenheim J, Brasure J. Diet in the epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in the New York State Cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 1992 Dec 1;136(11):1327-37. Abstract
- The New York University Women's Health Study (1985-1994/386).
Toniolo P, Riboli E, Shore RE, Pasternacks BS. Consumption of meat, animal products, protein, and fat and risk of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study in New York. Epidemiology. 1994 Jul;5(4):391-7. Abstract
- The Nurses' Health Study A + B (A = 1980-1986/1023. B = 1986-1996/1638).
Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Colditz GA. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Mar 17;91(6):547-56. Full text
- The Sweden Mammography Cohort (1987-1997/1318).
Wolk A, Bergstrom R, Hunter D, Willet W, Ljung H, Holmberg L. A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Jan 12;158(1):41-5. Full text
RELATIVE RISK:
No association: RR = 0.99 (0.97-1.01) per 100 g/day increment.
P for heterogeneity in results across studies = 0.98.
Menopausal status at follow-up did not modify the associations (no data shown).
| Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at birth of first child, oral contraceptive use (ever/never), history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status (ever/never), education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |
| 10) Greenstein J (1996) | The Iowa Women's Health Study | 34,388 postmenopausal women. | 1986-93 | 1,018? | Breast cancer incidence | Citrus fruit (not defined) | A modest increase in breast cancer risk: RR = 1.18 (0.96-1.18) for high vs low intake.
RR or 95% CI is incorrect, but the data was correctly extracted from the original article. | Major breast cancer risk factors (not defined). |
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