| 32) Fink BN (2006) | The Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP). | 1,235 invasive breast cancer cases (376 pre-menopausal, and 834 post-menopausal) age 25-98.
(USA) | 1996-97 to 2002-04 | 43 pre-menopausal, and 129 post-menopausal | All-cause mortality | Cruciferous vegetables (coleslaw, cabbage, sauerkraut; broccoli; cauliflower or Brussels sprouts; mustard greens, turnip greens, collards, kale) | At the 1996-97 case-control interview, respondents completed a FFQ.
Stratified by menopausal status:
| Pre-menopausal | Post-menopausal |
HR = 0.72 (0.34-1.54; P = 0.78) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (in 0.5 cup servings per week):
0-1: HR = 1.
2: HR = 1.01 (0.51-2.00).
3: HR = 0.82 (0.25-2.67).
4-5: HR = 2.23 (1.12-4.44).
6+: HR = 0.72 (0.34-1.54).
|
HR = 1.07 (0.67-1.72; P = 0.82) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (in 0.5 cup servings per week):
0-1: HR = 1.
2: HR = 0.99 (0.66-1.48).
3: HR = 0.87 (0.49-1.54).
4-5: HR = 1.02 (0.66-1.60).
6+: HR = 1.07 (0.67-1.72).
|
Postmenopausal women.
Stratified by ER/PR status:
| ER+ PR+ | ER+ PR-, ER- PR+, ER- PR- |
| HR = 0.53 (0.26-1.09; P = 0.23) for consumption ≥ 4 vs 0-3 0.5-cup servings per week.
|
HR = 1.45 (0.86-2.45; P = 0.60) for consumption ≥ 4 vs 0-3 0.5-cup servings per week.
|
Breast cancer mortality:
Results for breast cancer-specific mortality as the outcome were approximately equal to those for all-cause mortality (data not shown).Age and energy. |
| 15) Smith-Warner SA. (2001) | Pooled Analysis of 7 Cohort Studies. | 336,653 | 5-16 | 7,217? | Invasive breast cancer risk | cruciferae (e.g. broccoli, cabbage) |
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- 1) A published prospective study with at least 200 incident breast cancer cases.
- 2) Assessment of usual dietary intake.
- 3) A validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument.
INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of breast cancer cases):
- The Canadian National Breast Screening Study (1982-1987/419).
Rohan TE, Howe GR, Friedenreich CM, Jain M, Miller AB. Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 1993 Jan;4(1):29-37. Abstract
- The Iowa Women's Health Study (1986-1995/1130).
Kushi LH, Fee RM, Sellers TA, Zheng W, Folsom AR. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Jul 15;144(2):165-74. Full text
- The Netherlands Cohort Study (1986-1992/937).
Verhoeven DT, Assen N, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E, van 't Veer P, Sturmans F. Vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer. 1997;75(1):149-55. Abstract
- The New York State Cohort (1980-1987/367).
Graham S, Zielezny M, Marshall J, Priore R, Freudenheim J, Brasure J. Diet in the epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in the New York State Cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 1992 Dec 1;136(11):1327-37. Abstract
- The New York University Women's Health Study (1985-1994/386).
Toniolo P, Riboli E, Shore RE, Pasternacks BS. Consumption of meat, animal products, protein, and fat and risk of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study in New York. Epidemiology. 1994 Jul;5(4):391-7. Abstract
- The Nurses' Health Study A + B (A = 1980-1986/1023. B = 1986-1996/1638).
Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Colditz GA. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Mar 17;91(6):547-56. Full text
- The Sweden Mammography Cohort (1987-1997/1318).
Wolk A, Bergstrom R, Hunter D, Willet W, Ljung H, Holmberg L. A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Jan 12;158(1):41-5. Full text
RELATIVE RISK:
No association: RR = 0.96 (0.87-1.06) per 100 g/day increment.
P for heterogeneity in results across studies = 0.95.
Menopausal status at follow-up did not modify the associations (no data shown).
| Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at birth of first child, oral contraceptive use (ever/never), history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status (ever/never), education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |
| 10) Greenstein J (1996) | The Iowa Women's Health Study | 34,388 postmenopausal women. | 1986-93 | 1,018? | Breast cancer incidence | Cruciferae family vegetables (not defined) | No significant association with breast cancer risk (no data shown). | Major breast cancer risk factors (not defined). |
| 4) Fung TT (2006) | The Nurses' Health Study. | 71,058 women. | 18
(1984-2002) | 575 | ER- Breast cancer incidence | Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale) |
RR = 0.88 (0.68-1.15; P = 0.70) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 2/wk: RR = 1.
2-4/wk: RR = 1.00 (0.83-1.20).
≥ 5/wk: RR = 0.88 (0.68-1.15).
After additional adjustment for other vegetables, the RR became: 1.05 (0.79-1.38; P = 0.48). | Energy intake, smoking, BMI, alcohol, weight change since age 18 y, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use, BMI at age 18 y, family history of breast cancer, history of benign breast disease, physical activity, multivitamin supplement use. |
| 4) Zhang S. (1999) | The Nurses' Health Study. | 83,234 women aged 33-60.
(USA) | 14
(1980-1994) | 2,697?
(784 premenopausal, 1,913 postmenopausal) | Invasive breast cancer incidence | Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, kale, cauliflower, cabbage or cole slaw, and Brussels sprouts) |
Stratified by menopausal status:
| Premenopausal | Postmenopausal |
RR = 0.83 (0.52-1.32; P = 0.19) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 0.25: RR = 1.
0.25-0.49: RR = 0.79 (0.67-0.92).
0.50-0.74: RR = 0.90 (0.71-1.14).
0.75-0.90: RR = 0.92 (0.69-1.24).
≥ 1.00: RR = 0.83 (0.52-1.32).
|
RR = 0.98 (0.77-1.25; P = 0.83) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 0.25: RR = 1.
0.25-0.49: RR = 0.96 (0.86-1.07).
0.50-0.74: RR = 1.06 (0.93-1.22).
0.75-0.90: RR = 0.98 (0.82-1.18).
≥ 1.00: RR = 0.98 (0.77-1.25).
|
Age, length of follow-up, total energy, parity, age at first birth, age at menarche, history of breast cancer in mother or sister, history of benign breast disease, alcohol intake, BMI at age 18, weight change from age 18 y, and height.
Additionally for postmenopausal women: age at menopause, and postmenopausal hormone use. |
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