| 24) Sonestedt E (2008) | The Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort | 15,773 women age 46-75.
(Sweden) | 10.3
(1991-96 to 2004) | 544 | Invasive breast cancer incidence
(excluding in situ cases) | Fruit juices (not defined) |
HR = 1.12 (0.89-1.41; P = 0.23) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.88 (0.69-1.12).
86: HR = 1.09 (0.86-1.37).
200: HR = 1.12 (0.89-1.41).
Stratified by ER status.
HRs are for an increase of 1 intake category:
ER alpha+
(392 cases) | ER alpha-
(58 cases) | ER beta+
(182 cases) | ER beta-
(188 cases) | ER alpha+/ER beta+
(159 cases) | ER alpha+/ER beta-
(155 cases) |
| HR = 1.05 (0.97-1.14).
|
HR = 1.03 (0.83-1.29).
|
HR = 1.08 (0.95-1.22).
|
HR = 0.97 (0.65-1.43).
|
HR = 1.07 (0.94-1.22).
|
HR = 1.01 (0.88-1.15).
|
The risk estimates were essentially the same when restricting analyses to individuals .55 years at baseline (data not shown).Season of data collection, diet interviewer, method version, age, total energy, weight, height, educational status, smoking habits, leisure tiime physical activity, hours of household activities, alcohol consumption, age at menopause, parity and current use of MHT. |
| 24) Mattisson I. (2004) | The Malmö Diet And Cancer Cohort. | 11,726 postmenopausal women aged ≥ 50.
(Sweden) | 7.6 | 342? | Breast cancer risk
(including in situ cases) | Total fruit juices (not defined) | No significant difference between cases (0.78 g/day), and controls (0.64 g/day). | Unadjusted? |
| 21) Olsen A (2003) | The Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort | 23,798 postmenopausal women age 50-64.
(Denmark) | 1993-97 to 2000 | 425? | Breast cancer risk | Fruit juice | No single subgroup of fruits and/or vegetables was strongly associated with the incidence rate of breast cancer in this study (no data shown). | Age, time under study, parity, previous benign breast tumor surgery, education, use of hormone replacement therapy, duration of HRT use, intake of alcohol and BMI. |
| 19) Smith-Warner SA (2001) | The Sweden Mammography Cohort | 61,471 women aged 40-76. | 1987-1997 | 1,318? | Breast cancer risk | Fruit juice | RR = 1.02 (0.94-1.12) for an increment of 100 g/d. | Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at first child, oral contraceptive use, history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status, education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |
| 18) Smith-Warner SA (2001) | The New York University Women's Health Study | 14,006 women aged 34-65. | 1985-1994 | 385? | Breast cancer risk | Fruit juice | RR = 1.00 (0.94-1.07) for an increment of 100 g/d. | Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at first child, oral contraceptive use, history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status, education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |
| 17) Smith-Warner SA (2001) | The New York State Cohort | 18,475 women aged 50-93. | 1980-1987 | 367? | Breast cancer risk | Fruit juice | RR = 0.96 (0.82-1.14) for an increment of 100 g/d. | Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at first child, oral contraceptive use, history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status, education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |
| 16) Smith-Warner SA (2001) | The Adventist Health Study | 15,172 women aged 28-90. | 1976-1982 | 160? | Breast cancer risk | Fruit juice | RR = 0.92 (0.78-1.10) for an increment of 100 g/d. | Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at first child, oral contraceptive use, history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status, education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |
| 15) Smith-Warner SA. (2001) | Pooled Analysis of 8 Cohort Studies. | 351,825 | 5-16 | 7,377?
(1,052 premenopausal, and 5,447 postmenopausal) | Invasive breast cancer risk | Fruit juice |
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- 1) A published prospective study with at least 200 incident breast cancer cases.
- 2) Assessment of usual dietary intake.
- 3) A validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument.
INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of breast cancer cases):
- The Adventist Health Study (1976-1982/160).
Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL. Dietary habits and breast cancer incidence among Seventh-day Adventists. Cancer. 1989 Aug 1;64(3):582-90. Abstract
- The Canadian National Breast Screening Study (1982-1987/419).
Rohan TE, Howe GR, Friedenreich CM, Jain M, Miller AB. Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 1993 Jan;4(1):29-37. Abstract
- The Iowa Women's Health Study (1986-1995/1130).
Kushi LH, Fee RM, Sellers TA, Zheng W, Folsom AR. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Jul 15;144(2):165-74. Full text
- The Netherlands Cohort Study (1986-1992/937).
Verhoeven DT, Assen N, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E, van 't Veer P, Sturmans F. Vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer. 1997;75(1):149-55. Abstract
- The New York State Cohort (1980-1987/367).
Graham S, Zielezny M, Marshall J, Priore R, Freudenheim J, Brasure J. Diet in the epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in the New York State Cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 1992 Dec 1;136(11):1327-37. Abstract
- The New York University Women's Health Study (1985-1994/386).
Toniolo P, Riboli E, Shore RE, Pasternacks BS. Consumption of meat, animal products, protein, and fat and risk of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study in New York. Epidemiology. 1994 Jul;5(4):391-7. Abstract
- The Nurses' Health Study A + B (A = 1980-1986/1023. B = 1986-1996/1638).
Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Colditz GA. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Mar 17;91(6):547-56. Full text
- The Sweden Mammography Cohort (1987-1997/1318).
Wolk A, Bergstrom R, Hunter D, Willet W, Ljung H, Holmberg L. A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Jan 12;158(1):41-5. Full text
RELATIVE RISK:
| Categorized | Continuous |
RR = 0.93 (0.86-1.00; P = 0.27) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined, and study-specific):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.96 (0.87-1.06).
Q3: RR = 1.00 (0.92-1.08).
Q4: RR = 0.93 (0.86-1.00).
P for heterogeneity in results across studies = 0.64.
|
RR = 0.99 (0.97-1.02; P = 0.54) per 100 g/day increment.
P for heterogeneity in results across studies = 0.96.
|
Stratified by menopausal status:
| Premenopausal women (aged ≤ 51 | Postmenopausal women (≥ 55) |
RR = 1.00 (0.95-1.06; No P-value) per 100 g/day increment.
P for heterogeneity in results across studies = 0.91. |
RR = 0.99 (0.97-1.02; No P-value) per 100 g/day increment.
P for heterogeneity in results across studies = 0.99. |
Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at birth of first child, oral contraceptive use (ever/never), history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status (ever/never), education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |
| 10) Smith-Warner SA (2001) | The Iowa Women's Health Study | 34,406 women aged 55-69. | 1986-1995 | 1,130? | Breast cancer risk | Fruit juice | RR = 1.00 (0.96-1.05) for an increment of 100 g/d. | Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at first child, oral contraceptive use, history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status, education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |
| 7) Smith-Warner SA (2001) | The Netherlands Cohort Study | 62,412 women aged 55-69. | 1986-1992 | 937? | Breast cancer risk | Fruit juice | RR = 0.94 (0.79-1.12) for an increment of 100 g/d. | Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at first child, oral contraceptive use, history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status, education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |
| 5) Smith-Warner SA (2001) | The Canadian National Breast Screening Study | 56,837 women aged 40-59. | 1982-1987 | 419? | Breast cancer risk | Fruit juice | RR = 1.03 (0.92-1.16) for an increment of 100 g/d. | Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at first child, oral contraceptive use, history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status, education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |
| 4) Kim EH (2008) | The Nurses' Health Study. | 77,050 women aged 38-63 (of whom 73,411 postmenopausal). | 1984-2002 | 4315 (of whom 3570 postmenopausal) | Breast cancer incidence | Grapefruit juice |
| All women: | Postmenopausal women only: |
RR = 0.95 (0.80-1.13; P = 0.52) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (small glasses/day):
0: RR = 1.
>0-1/4: RR = 0.96 (0.89-1.02).
≥1/4-1/2: RR = 1.01 (0.89-1.15).
≥ 1/2: RR = 0.95 (0.80-1.13).
|
RR = 1.02 (0.85-1.22; P = 0.95) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (small glasses/day):
0: RR = 1.
>0-1/4: RR = 0.99 (0.92-1.06).
≥1/4-1/2: RR = 1.04 (0.90-1.19).
≥ 1/2: RR = 1.02 (0.85-1.22).
|
Results did not change after inclusion of alcohol, saturated fat, dietary fiber, and soluble fibre in the models.
Stratified analyses:
Stratification by BMI or oestrogen and progesterone receptor status of the tumours did not alter the risk.Energy, age, time period, height, parity, age at first birth, weight change since age 18 years, BMI at age 18 years, age at menopause, use of hormone replacement therapy, family history of breast cancer, benign, breast disease, age at menarche and physical activity. |
| 4) Smith-Warner SA (2001) | The Nurses' Health Study | 89,046 women aged 34-59. | Part A: 1980-1986.
Part B: 1986-1996. | Part A: 1,023?
Part B: 1,638? | Breast cancer risk | Fruit juice |
| Part A: | Part B: |
| RR = 0.99 (0.94-1.04) for an increment of 100 g/d.
|
RR = 0.98 (0.95-1.02) for an increment of 100 g/d.
|
Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at first child, oral contraceptive use, history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status, education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |
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