| 23) Goodwin PJ (2003) | Not defined
(3 University of Toronto hospitals) | 477 women age < 75 with surgically resected T1 to T3, N0/1, M0 breast cancer. | 6.1 | 52? | All-cause mortality | Deep yellow or dark green vegetables (not defined) | A FFQ was completed after diagnosis.
No significant effect was seen (no data shown). | BMI, age, tumor stage, nodal stage, adjuvant hormone therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and total energy. |
| 14) Saxe GA. (1999) | Not defined (Medical Center, University of Michigan) | 149 patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer between 1989 and 1991.
(USA) | ≥ 5 | 28? for breast cancer recurrence (10 premenopausal, 18 postmenopausal/ 20 BMI ≤ 27.0 kg/m2, 8 BMI > 27.0 kg/m2), and
26? for all cause mortality (5 premenopausal, 21 postmenopausal/ 18 BMI ≤ 27.0 kg/m2, 8 BMI > 27.0 kg/m2) | Breast cancer recurrence, and all cause mortality | Green yellow vegetables (not defined) | A dietary interview was conducted after the diagnosis of breast cancer.
HRs are per 3 servings/week
| Breast cancer recurrence | All cause mortality |
All cases: HR = 1.17 (0.90-1.52).
Premenopausal: HR = 1.38 (0.94-2.03).
Postmenopausal: HR = 1.04 (0.72-1.50).
BMI ≤ 27.0kg/m2: HR = 1.17 (0.89-1.54).
BMI > 27.0 kg/m2: HR = 1.01 (0.50-2.03). |
All cases: HR = 0.97 (0.70-1.35).
Premenopausal: HR = 0.96 (0.45-2.02).
Postmenopausal: HR = 0.95 (0.65-1.39).
BMI ≤ 27.0kg/m2: HR = 0.94 (0.65-1.37).
BMI > 27.0 kg/m2: HR = 1.03 (0.51-2.05). |
In subjects with early stage (in situ or Stage I) disease, the risk of breast cancer recurrence was elevated in patients with higher intakes of dark green and deep yellow vegetables: HR = 1.46 (1.01-2.13; No P-value).
Energy |
| 13) Sauvaget C. (2003) | The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. | 38,540 subjects (14,873 men, and 23,667 women) aged 34-103 who were atomic-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
(Japan) | 16
(1980-81 to 1998) | 76 | Female breast cancer mortality | Green-yellow vegetables containing > 1000 IU carotene/100 g. (such as pumpkin, carrots, spinach, lettuce, asparagus, parsley, etc.) | No association. RR = 1.28 (0.64-2.54;P = 0.5350) for the highest vs the lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/wk: RR = 1.
2-4/wk: RR = 1.64 (0.90-2.98).
(almost) daily: RR = 1.28 (0.64-2.54). | fruit, sex, age, radiation dose, city, BMI, smoking status, alcohol habits, and education level. Additional adjustment for age at menarche, age at first birth, parity, breast-feeding, menopausal status, personal history of breast adenoma, and family history of breast cancer did not materially alter the risk estimates. |
| 13) Key TJ (1999) | The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. | 34,759 women.
(Japan) | 1969-70 and/or 1979-81 to 1993 | 235 | Breast cancer incidence | Green/yellow vegetables (pumpking, carrot, spinach, etc.) |
RR = 0.99 (0.69-1.44; P = 0.949) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
≤ 1/week: RR = 1.
2-4/week: RR = 1.06 (0.76-1.48).
≥ 5/week: RR = 0.99 (0.69-1.44). | Age, calendar period, city, age at time of bombing and radiation dose. |
| 6) Ingram D (1994) | Not defined | 101 women with breast cancer identified from the records at the Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Australia. | 6
(1985-86 to 1992) | 21 | Breast cancer death | Leafy/orange vegetables (not defined) | Women completed a FFQ 3 months after operation for their primary lesion.
(P = 0.30) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption (not defined).
Specific data (Observed/Expected ratios for Tertiles):
T1: 1.1.
T2: 1.4.
T3: 0.5. | Not defined. |
| 2) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) | 241? | Breast cancer mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) | RR = 1.32 (90% CI = 0.23-7.64; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
None: RR = 1.32 (0.23-7.64).
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.96 (0.42-2.20).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.95 (0.74-1.23).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1.
Daily vs nondaily consumption:
Age-adjusted RR = 1.04 (90% CI = 0.81-1.33; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk. | Not defined (possibly only age). |
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