| 41) Lee SA (2009) | The Shanghai Women's Health Study | 73,223 women aged 40-70.
(China) | 7.4
(1996-2000 to 2005) | 594? | Breast cancer incidence | Total fruit and vegetables (not defined) | Breast cancer cases (526 g/d) consumed more fruits and vegetables than noncases (506 g/d; P = 0.10). | Unadjusted. |
| 37) Dal Maso L (2008) | Not defined.
(based on a multicenter Italian case-control study) | 1,453 women aged 23-74 with incident invasive breast cancer | 12.6
(1991-94 to 2005-06) | All-cause mortality: 503.
Breast cancer mortality: 398. | Mortality | Vegetables and fruit (not defined) | A FFQ was completed within 1 year following the diagnosis.
| All-cause mortality | Breast cancer mortality |
HR = 1.27 (1.00-1.61; P = 0.04) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
≥ 6: HR = 1.
4 to < 6: HR = 0.94 (0.75-1.19).
< 4: HR = 1.27 (1.00-1.61).
|
HR = 1.26 (0.96-1.64; P = 0.08) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
≥ 6: HR = 1.
4 to < 6: HR = 0.95 (0.73-1.22).
< 4: HR = 1.26 (0.96-1.64).
|
Breast cancer mortality.
Stratified by age at diagnosis:
| < 55 | ≥ 55 |
HR = 1.31 (0.89-1.94; P = 0.16) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
≥ 6: HR = 1.
4 to < 6: HR = 0.90 (0.61-1.31).
< 4: HR = 1.31 (0.89-1.94).
|
HR = 1.17 (0.81-1.70; P = 0.38) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
≥ 6: HR = 1.
4 to < 6: HR = 1.00 (0.71-1.41).
< 4: HR = 1.17 (0.81-1.70).
|
Breast cancer mortality.
Stratified by TNM stage:
| I-II | III-IV |
HR = 1.32 (0.95-1.85; P = 0.09) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
≥ 6: HR = 1.
4 to < 6: HR = 0.99 (0.71-1.36).
< 4: HR = 1.32 (0.95-1.85).
|
HR = 0.97 (0.56-1.66; P = 0.90) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
≥ 6: HR = 1.
4 to < 6: HR = 0.88 (0.54-1.45).
< 4: HR = 0.97 (0.56-1.66).
|
Breast cancer mortality.
Stratified by ER/PR status:
| ER+/PR+ | Other |
HR = 1.21 (0.80-1.83; P = 0.35) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
≥ 6: HR = 1.
4 to < 6: HR = 0.94 (0.63-1.40).
< 4: HR = 1.21 (0.80-1.83).
|
HR = 1.09 (0.64-1.86; P = 0.74) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
≥ 6: HR = 1.
4 to < 6: HR = 1.07 (0.67-1.72).
< 4: HR = 1.09 (0.64-1.86).
|
Additional adjustment for other potential confounders (BMI, smoking, education, alcohol drinking, parity, menopausal status, use of exogenous hormones and family history of breast cancer) did not modify the association.Region of residence, age at diagnosis, years of diagnosis, TNM stage and ER/PR status. |
| 35) Pierce JP. (2007) | The WHEL Study. | 1,490 cancer-free women aged ≤ 70, diagnosed and treated for early-stage breast cancer between 1991 and 2000 (The majority was still taking tamoxifen). (USA) | mean 6.7 (1995-2000 to 2005) | 135? | All cause mortality | Vegetables and fruit consumption (not including iceberg lettuce, white potatoes, or juices with little nutritional value, but including nutrient-rich fruit juices such as citrus fruit juices). | Lifestyle information was assessed at baseline (following breast cancer diagnosis).
HR = 0.63; P = 0.08 for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (unadjusted).
Amount specific data (servings/d):
0.33-3.43: HR = 1.
3.43-4.93: HR = 0.74.
4.93-6.94: HR = 0.44.
6.94-19.96: HR = 0.63.
Stratified by physical activity level.
Cut point for vegetables and fruit is 5 servings/day:
| Low physical activity | High physical activity
(540+ metabolic equivalent task-min/wk [= walking 30 minutes 6 d/wk]) |
Low vegetables and fruit: HR = 1.00 (reference).
High vegetables and fruit: HR = 0.86 (0.51-1.45; P = 0.57). | Low vegetables and fruit: HR = 1.22 (0.75-1.97; P = 0.42).
High vegetables and fruit: HR = 0.56 (0.32-0.98; P = 0.04). |
Stratified by obesity:
Within each Vegetables-Fruit/Physical activity category, women who were obese had an apparent increase in mortality compared with those who were not obese, except in the high vegetables and fruit + high physical activity group, where the observed mortality rates were comparable Table.
Stratified by ER/PR status (univariate analysis):
A protective effect of the high vegetables and fruit + high physical activity group was limited to women with ER negative-PR positive (P = 0.09), ER positive-PR negative (P = 0.04), and ER positive-PR positive tumors (P = 0.01) Table.Age, alcohol, tumor hormone receptor status, and time from diagnosis to study entry. |
| 25) Sesso HD. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 38,447 US women.
(nested case-control) | 9.9 | 508? | Breast cancer risk | Fruit and vegetables (not defined) |
No significant difference (P = 0.16) between cases (6.2 servings/d) and controls (6.0 servings/d). | Age, and smoking status |
| 24) Sonestedt E (2007) | The Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort | 11,726 postmenopausal women aged 50-73.
(Sweden) | 9.5
(1991-96 to 2003) | 428 | Breast cancer incidence | Fruit, berries and vegetables (not defined) |
IRR = 0.78 (0.57-1.05; P = 0.35) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
190: IRR = 1.
291: IRR = 0.83 (0.61-1.11).
371: IRR = 0.70 (0.51-0.95).
464: IRR = 0.99 (0.74-1.31).
626: IRR = 0.78 (0.57-1.05).
Stratified by dietary change:
No food habit change
(304 cases) | A food habit change in the past
(124 cases) |
IRR = 0.59 (0.40-0.87; P = 0.052) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
190: IRR = 1.
291: IRR = 0.79 (0.56-1.10).
371: IRR = 0.63 (0.44-0.91).
464: IRR = 0.94 (0.68-1.30).
626: IRR = 0.59 (0.40-0.87).
|
IRR = 1.13 (0.62-2.06; P = 0.45) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
190: IRR = 1.
291: IRR = 0.95 (0.48-1.87).
371: IRR = 0.93 (0.47-1.84).
464: IRR = 1.15 (0.61-2.15).
626: IRR = 1.13 (0.62-2.06).
|
Stratified by BMI:
< 27 kg m-2
(276 cases) | > 27 kg m-2
(152 cases) |
IRR = 0.66 (0.46-0.97; P = 0.035) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
190: IRR = 1.
291: IRR = 0.85 (0.59-1.21).
371: IRR = 0.72 (0.50-1.04).
464: IRR = 0.78 (0.55-1.12).
626: IRR = 0.66 (0.46-0.97).
|
IRR = 0.97 (0.58-1.62; P = 0.30) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
190: IRR = 1.
291: IRR = 0.80 (0.46-1.39).
371: IRR = 0.66 (0.37-1.17).
464: IRR = 1.46 (0.91-2.36).
626: IRR = 0.97 (0.58-1.62).
|
Adjusting for potential confounders (height, weight, education, current use of HRT, use of contraceptive pills, age at birth of first child, alcohol consumption and leisure-time physical activity) did not influence the associations; however, the trend across quintiles became weaker.Total energy, age, method version, diet interviewer and season. |
| 9) Byrne C (1996) | The NHEFS Cohort
(Using participants from the NHANES I Study) | 6,156 black/white women aged 32-86. | 3.9
(1982-84 to 1986-87) | 53? | Breast cancer risk | Fruit and vegetables (not defined) | RR = 0.7 (0.4-1.5) for consumption > 3 vs ≤ 3 servings/day | Age. |
| | |