| 32) Fink BN (2006) | The Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP). | 1,235 invasive breast cancer cases (376 pre-menopausal, and 834 post-menopausal) age 25-98.
(USA) | 1996-97 to 2002-04 | 43 pre-menopausal, and 132 post-menopausal | All-cause mortality | Yellow vegetables and fruits (peaches, apricots, nectarines [fresh in season]; peaches, apricots [canned, frozen, or dried]; cantaloupe; watermelon; winter squash, baked squash; broccoli; raw spinach, cooked spinach, mustard greens, turnip greens, collards, kale; carrots, or mixed vegetables containing carrots; sweet potatoes, yams; tomatoes, tomato juice, V8 juice; red or green peppers) | At the 1996-97 case-control interview, respondents completed a FFQ.
Stratified by menopausal status:
| Pre-menopausal | Post-menopausal |
HR = 1.09 (0.52-2.28; P = 0.27) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (in 0.5 cup servings per week):
0-4: HR = 1.
5-7: HR = 1.21 (0.58-2.54).
8-10: HR = 1.31 (0.64-2.65).
11-15: HR = 1.08 (0.52-2.25).
16+: HR = 1.09 (0.52-2.28).
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HR = 0.90 (0.58-1.40; P = 0.36) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (in 0.5 cup servings per week):
0-4: HR = 1.
5-7: HR = 1.04 (0.70-1.55).
8-10: HR = 0.72 (0.44-1.18).
11-15: HR = 1.06 (0.69-1.64).
16+: HR = 0.90 (0.58-1.40).
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Postmenopausal women.
Stratified by ER/PR status:
| ER+ PR+ | ER+ PR-, ER- PR+, ER- PR- |
| HR = 0.83 (0.44-1.59; P = 0.54) for consumption ≥ 11 vs 0-10 0.5-cup servings per week.
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HR = 1.00 (0.58-1.71; P = 0.65) for consumption ≥ 11 vs 0-10 0.5-cup servings per week.
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Breast cancer mortality:
Results for breast cancer-specific mortality as the outcome were approximately equal to those for all-cause mortality (data not shown).Age and energy. |
| 4) Fung TT (2006) | The Nurses' Health Study. | 71,058 women. | 18
(1984-2002) | 575 | ER- Breast cancer incidence | Yellow/orange vegetables (carrots, yams, other squash, tomatoes, tomato juice, tomato sauce) |
RR = 0.76 (0.57-0.99; P = 0.04) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 2/wk: RR = 1.
2-4/wk: RR = 0.90 (0.69-1.17).
5-6/wk: RR = 0.83 (0.62-1.13).
1+/d: RR = 0.76 (0.57-0.99).
After additional adjustment for other vegetables, the RR became: 0.96 (0.70-1.33; P = 0.29). | Energy intake, smoking, BMI, alcohol, weight change since age 18 y, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use, BMI at age 18 y, family history of breast cancer, history of benign breast disease, physical activity, multivitamin supplement use. |
| 1) Shibata A. (1992) | The Leisure World Study. | 11,580 residents of a retirement community.
(USA) | 1981-1989 | 219 | Breast cancer risk | Yellow vegetables (sweet potatoes, yams, pumpkin [including use in pie or soup], carrots, summer squash [zucchini, yellow crookneck, yellow straightneck, cocozelle, scallop squash], sweet red peppers, hot red chili peppers [including hot pepper sauce, chili powder, cayenne pepper, tobasco sauce].) |
RR = 0.96 (0.69-1.33; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 0.36: RR = 1.
0.36-< 0.87: RR = 0.99 (0.71-1.37).
≥ 0.87: RR = 0.96 (0.69-1.33). | Age and smoking.
Adjustment for BMI or physical activity did not materially alter the results (data not shown). |
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