| 36) Takachi R. (2007) | The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC). | 77,891 subjects (35,909 men 41,982 and women) aged 45-74.
(Japan) | 5.8
(1995-1998 to 2002) | 1,386?
(227 myocardial infarction, 1,159 stroke) | Risk of cardiovascular disease | Broccoli | Not significantly inversely associated with CVD risk (no data shown). | Age, public health center area, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy, screening examination, medication, and daily vitamin supplement use. |
| 21) Sesso HD. (2003) | The Women's Health Study. | 38,445 female health professionals aged ≥ 45 y, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in the primary prevention of CVD and cancer. | 6.9 | Total CVD risk (726), and
Important vascular events (517) | CVD risk | Broccoli |
Total cardiovascular disease
(MI, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, stroke, and CVD death) | Important vascular events
(myocardial infarction, stroke, and CVD death) |
RR = 0.71 (0.44-1.15; P = 0.21) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk:)
None: RR = 1.
≤ 1: RR = 0.75 (0.57-0.99).
2-4: RR = 0.70 (0.51-0.96).
≥ 5: RR = 0.71 (0.44-1.15).
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RR = 0.72 (0.41-1.27; P = 0.56) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk:)
None: RR = 1.
≤ 1: RR = 0.73 (0.53-1.01).
2-4: RR = 0.73 (0.51-1.06).
≥ 5: RR = 0.72 (0.41-1.27).
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Any broccoli intake, even at ≤ 1 serving/wk, was associated with nonsignificant reductions in the risk of both CVD and important vascular events.Age, randomized aspirin treatment, randomized vitamin E treatment, randomized beta carotene treatment, total energy intake, BMI, exercise, alcohol intake, smoking, postmenopausal hormone use, parental history of myocardial infarctioin at age < 60, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, fruit and vegetable intake, fiber intake, folate intake, and saturated fat intake. |
| 17) Mink PJ. (2007) | The Iowa Women's Health Study. | 34,489 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USa) | 16
(1986-2002) | 2,316 | Cardiovascular disease mortality | Broccoli |
RR = 0.95 (0.85-1.07; P = 0.506) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 0.94 (0.85-1.03).
> 1: RR = 0.95 (0.85-1.07). | Age, energy intake, marital status, education, blood pressure, diabetes, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, and estrogen use. |
Coronary heart disease:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 17) Yochum L (1999) | The Iowa Women's Health Study. | 34,492 women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 10
(1986-1995) | 438 | Coronary heart disease death | Broccoli |
RR = 0.52 (0.37-0.74; P = 0.0001) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times/month):
0: RR = 1.
1-2: RR = 0.63 (0.48-0.83).
3-4: RR = 0.62 (0.47-0.82).
4-42: RR = 0.52 (0.37-0.74). | Age, total energy intake, BMI squared, waist-to-hip ratio, high blood pressure, diabetes, estrogen replacement therapy, alcohol intake, education, marital status, pack-years of smoking, and physical activity, intake of cholesterol, saturated fat, vitamin E, dietary fiber, and whole grains. |
| 10) Lin J (2007) | The Nurses' Health Study. | 66,360 women aged 34-59.
(USA) | 12
(1990-2002) | Risk of nonfatal MI: 938.
CHD death: 324. | Risk of myocardial infarction, and
CHD death | Broccoli |
| Nonfatal MI | Fatal CHD |
RR = 0.76 (0.49-1.17; P = 0.11) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
0-0.5: RR = 1.
0.6-< 2: RR = 0.92 (0.75-1.12).
2-< 5: RR = 0.85 (0.69-1.04).
≥ 5: RR = 0.76 (0.49-1.17).
|
RR = 0.65 (0.30-1.44; P = 0.05) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
0-0.5: RR = 1.
0.6-< 2: RR = 1.04 (0.75-1.43).
2-< 5: RR = 0.78 (0.55-1.10).
≥ 5: RR = 0.65 (0.30-1.44).
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Age; current smoking; parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60; history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes; menopausal status; postmenopausal hormone use; use of aspirin; use of multivitamin and vitamin E supplements; BMI; physical activity; alcohol consumption; and total energy intake. |
Stroke:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 17) Yochum L (1999) | The Iowa Women's Health Study. | 34,492 women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 10
(1986-1995) | 131? | Stroke mortality | Broccoli | No association with stroke mortality (No data shown; P = 0.23). | Age, total energy intake, BMI squared, waist-to-hip ratio, high blood pressure, diabetes, estrogen replacement therapy, alcohol intake, education, marital status, pack-years of smoking, and physical activity, intake of cholesterol, saturated fat, vitamin E, dietary fiber, and whole grains. |
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