| 10) Joshipura KJ (2009) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professional's Follow-up Study | 70,870 women aged 38-63, and 38,918 men aged 40-75. Subjects were without cancer, diabetes or CVD. | Men: 14 (1986-2000).
Women: 16 (1984-2000) | 2,040? men, and
1,852? women | Ischaemic CVD incidence (fatal and non-fatal MI and ischaemic stroke) | Cruciferous vegetables (not defined) |
Highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Stratified by energy from carbohydrate intake:
| < 40% | 40-55% | > 55% |
Men: RR = 1.10
Women: RR = 0.99
Men & women: RR = 1.05 (0.83-1.34)
|
Men: RR = 0.92
Women: RR = 1.20
Men & women: RR = 1.05 (0.91-1.36)
|
Men: RR = 0.86
Women: RR = 0.94
Men & women: RR = 0.89 (0.71-1.13)
|
Per increment of 1 serving/d.
Stratified by energy from carbohydrate intake:
| < 40% | 40-55% | > 55% |
Men: RR = 0.99
Women: RR = 0.87
Men & women: RR = 0.94 (0.73-1.21)
|
Men: RR = 0.95
Women: RR = 1.09
Men & women: RR = 1.01 (0.88-1.15)
|
Men: RR = 0.94
Women: RR = 0.93
Men & women: RR = 0.94 (0.73-1.20)
|
Effect modification: All associations were generally attenuated among the multivitamin supplement users (data not shown).Total energy, whole grains, age, smoking, alcohol, BMI, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, aspirin use, physical activity, family history of MI, history of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and incident diabetes, and menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy. |
| 10) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and
37,725 men (aged 40-75).
(USA) | 14
(1984-1998)
(women), and
12
(1986-1998)
(men) | 1964? women, and
1670? men.
1314 never smokers, 1513 past smokers, and 988 current smokers.
1625 non-vitamin supplement users, and 1444 vitamin supplement users. | Cardiovascular disease risk | Cruciferous vegetables (not defined) |
Stratified by sex:
| Men + women | Men | Women |
| RR = 0.91 (0.81-1.01; No P-value). | RR = 0.93 (No 95% CI; No P-value). | RR = 0.88 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
Stratified by smoking status (men and women combined):
| Never | Past | Current |
| RR = 0.89 (0.71-1.12; No P-value). | RR = 0.96 (0.81-1.14; No P-value). | RR = 0.87 (0.61-1.25; No P-value). |
Stratified by multivitamin use (men and women combined):
| Non-vitamin use | Multivitamin use |
| RR = 0.84 (0.71-1.00; No P-value). | RR = 1.07 (0.75-1.53; No P-value). |
All RRs are for an increment of 1 serving/day.Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
| 9) Gaziano JM (1995) | The Massachusetts Health Care Panel Study. | 1,273 subjects aged ≥ 66. | 4.75 (1976-1980) | 161? | Cardiovascular death | Broccoli and/or Brussels sprouts | RR = 0.29 (0.04-2.12) for consumption ≥ 1 vs < 1 serving/day. | Age and sex. |
Coronary heart disease:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 22) Liu S (2001) | The Physician's Health Study. | 15,220 male physicians aged 40-84.
(USA) | 12
(1982-1995) | 1,148? | Risk of CHD (MI and CABG/PTCA [Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting/Percutaneous-Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty]) | Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli and Brussels sprouts) | A reduction in CHD risk was found (data not shown). | Not defined, but probably: age, treatment (aspirin + beta-carotene), cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, BMI, history of diabetes mellitus, history of high cholesterol, history of hypertension, and use of multivitamins. |
| 10) Erkkilä AT (2005) | The Nurses' Health Study | 72,874 women aged 38-63, and without cancer, angina pectoris, MI, or stroke.
(USA) | 1984-2000 | See variables | CHD incidence | Brassica vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and kale) |
Total CHD:
(1,679 cases) | Nonfatal MI:
(1,201 cases) |
RR = 1.05 (0.88-1.25; P = 0.63) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.3: RR = 1.17 (0.99-1.39).
0.4: RR = 1.07 (0.89-1.30).
0.6: RR = 1.05 (0.88-1.25).
0.9: RR = 1.05 (0.88-1.25).
|
RR = 1.01 (0.82-1.24; P = 0.42) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.3: RR = 1.12 (0.92-1.37).
0.4: RR = 1.12 (0.90-1.39).
0.6: RR = 1.01 (0.83-1.24).
0.9: RR = 1.01 (0.82-1.24).
|
Age, BMI, smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes, menopausal status, use of HRT, parental history of MI, physical activity, use of aspirin, alcohol intake, use of multivitamin supplements, energy intake, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, EPA + DHA, trans fatty acids, and cereal fiber. |
| 10) Erkkilä AT (2005) | The Nurses' Health Study | 72,874 women aged 38-63, and without cancer, angina pectoris, MI, or stroke.
(USA) | 1984-2000 | 484 | Fatal CHD | Brassica vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and kale) |
RR = 1.23 (0.88-1.70; P = 0.45) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.3: RR = 1.31 (0.96-1.78).
0.4: RR = 0.96 (0.66-1.39).
0.6: RR = 1.18 (0.85-1.63).
0.9: RR = 1.23 (0.88-1.70). | Age, BMI, smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes, menopausal status, use of HRT, parental history of MI, physical activity, use of aspirin, alcohol intake, use of multivitamin supplements, energy intake, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, EPA + DHA, trans fatty acids, and cereal fiber. |
| 10) Joshipura KJ (2001) | The Nurses' Health Study &
The Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study. | 84,251 women aged 34-59, and 42,148 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | Women: 14 (1980-1994).
Men: 8 (1986-1994). | 1,127? women and
1,063? men.
1.193? non-multivitamin supplement users and
729? multivitamin supplement users.
1.446? never or past smokers and
708? current smokers. | Coronary heart disease risk (nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal coronary disease) | Cruciferous vegetables |
| Pooled | Women | Men |
RR = 0.86 (0.75-0.99; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quintiles. not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.89 (0.78-1.01).
Q3: RR = 0.89 (0.78-1.02).
Q4: RR = 0.84 (0.74-0.97).
Q5: RR = 0.86 (0.75-0.99).
RR for a 1-serving/d increase in intake: 0.86 (0.69-1.08).
|
RR = 0.80 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median servings/d):
0.14: RR = 1.
Not defined: RR = 0.90.
Not defined: RR = 0.85.
Not defined: RR = 0.83.
0.95: RR = 0.80.
RR for a 1-serving/d increase in intake: 0.76.
|
RR = 0.93 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median servings/d):
0.14: RR = 1.
Not defined: RR = 0.87.
Not defined: RR = 0.95.
Not defined: RR = 0.86.
1.01: RR = 0.93.
RR for a 1-serving/d increase in intake: 0.96.
|
Stratified by multivitamin supplement use:
| Participants not using multivitamin supplements | Participants using multivitamin supplements |
| RR = 0.76 (0.60-0.96). |
RR = 1.01 (0.57-1.79). |
Stratified by smoking status:
| Never or past smokers | Current smokers |
| RR = 0.87 (0.61-1.24). |
RR = 0.85 (0.61-1.19). |
Age, smoking status, alcohol intake, family history of myocardial infarction, BMI, vitamin supplement use, vitamin E use, physical activity, aspirin use, 2-year follow-up period, presence of hypertension, presence of hypercholesterolemia, total daily caloric intake, and postmenopausal hormone use (women). |
Stroke:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 26) Johnsen SP (2003) | The Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. | 54,506 men and women aged 50-64. | 3.09 (1993-1997) | 266? | Ischemic stroke risk | Cruciferous vegetables (eg, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and cabbage) |
RR = 0.92 (0.63-1.33; P = 0.61) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quintiles. median intake in g/d):
Q1 (4.0): RR = 1.
Q3 (15.4): RR = 0.72 (0.49-1.06).
Q5 (35.4): RR = 0.92 (0.63-1.33).
No data was shown for quintile 2 + 4! | Sex, total energy intake, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood presssure, total serum cholesterol, history of diabetes, BMI, alcohol intake, intake of red meat, intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, physical activity, and education. Age was used as the time axis. |
| 10) Erkkilä AT (2005) | The Nurses' Health Study | 72,874 women aged 38-63, and without cancer, angina pectoris, MI, or stroke.
(USA) | 1984-2000 | Total stroke: 1,009?
Ischemic stroke: 567? | Stroke incidence | Brassica vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and kale) | No association was found with total or ischemic stroke risk (data not shown) | Age, BMI, smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes, menopausal status, use of HRT, parental history of MI, physical activity, use of aspirin, alcohol intake, use of multivitamin supplements, energy intake, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, EPA + DHA, trans fatty acids, and cereal fiber. |
| 10) Joshipura KJ (1999) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study | 75,596 women aged 34-59, and 38,683 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | Women: 14
(1980-1994).
Men: 8
(1986-1994). | 570?
295 non-users of vitamin supplements, and 216 users of multivitamin supplements.
388 never & past smokers, and 172 current smokers. | Ischemic stroke risk | Cruciferous vegetables (eg, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussel sprouts) |
| Pooled | Women
(366? cases) | Men
(204? cases) |
RR = 0.71 (0.55-0.93) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.86 (0.51-1.44).
Q3: RR = 0.95 (0.74-1.22).
Q4: RR = 0.82 (0.63-1.06).
Q5: RR = 0.71 (0.55-0.93).
RR for an increment of 1 serving/day:
0.68 (0.49-0.94).
|
RR = 0.77 (0.54-1.08) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.14: RR = 1.
Not defined: RR = 1.09 (0.80-1.50).
Not defined: RR = 1.04 (0.77-1.42).
Not defined: RR = 0.91 (0.65-1.26).
0.95: RR = 0.77 (0.54-1.08).
RR for an increment of 1 serving/day:
0.69 (0.44-1.08).
|
RR = 0.64 (0.42-0.99 for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.14: RR = 1.
Not defined: RR = 0.65 (0.42-0.99).
Not defined: RR = 0.82 (0.54-1.23).
Not defined: RR = 0.69 (0.45-1.05).
1.01: RR = 0.64 (0.42-0.99).
RR for an increment of 1 serving/day:
0.70 (0.43-1.14).
|
Stratified by vitamin supplement use:
| No vitamin supplement | Multivitamin supplement |
| RR for an increment of 1 serving/day: 0.55 (0.43-0.91).
|
RR for an increment of 1 serving/day: 0.87 (0.52-1.43).
|
Stratified by smoking status:
| Never and past smokers | Current smokers |
| RR for an increment of 1 serving/day: 0.66 (0.45-0.98).
|
RR for an increment of 1 serving/day: 0.57 (0.28-1.16).
|
Age, smoking, alcohol, family history of MI, BMI, vitamin supplement use, vitamin E use, physical activity, aspirin use, time period, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, total energy intake, and amon women, postmenopausal hormone use. |
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