| 42) Larsson SC (2011) | The Swedish Mammography Cohort | 34,670 women aged 49-83 and free of stroke, ischemic heart disease and cancer. | Mean 10.4
(1998-2008) | 1,680? | Stroke events (cerebral infarction, hemorrhagic stroke, and unspecified stroke) | Fried fish (not defined) | No association: RR = 0.95 (0.84-1.06; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (not defined) | Age, smoking history, education, BMI, total physical activity, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, aspirin use, family history of myocardial infarction, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, processed meat, unprocessed red meat, fruit, and vegetables. |
| 24) Mozaffarian D (2005) | The Cardiovascular Health Study | 4,738 men and women aged ≥ 65, and free of congestive heart failure.
(US) | 12
(1989-90 to ) | 955 | Congestive heart failure incidence | Fried fish or fish sandwich (fried fish burgers) |
HR = 1.35 (1.12-1.62; P = 0.005) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
< 1/mo: HR = 1.
1-3/mo: HR = 1.02 (0.87-1.19).
1-2/wk: HR = 1.35 (1.12-1.62).
This association was attenuated after further adjustment for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, baseline LV systolic funcation, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein: HR = 1.30 (1.08-1.56; P = 0.02).
Effect modification: There was little evidence that findings varied according to age, gender, education, income, diabetes, smoking, physical activity, prevalent cardiovascular disease, treated hypertension, or systolic blood pressure (p = > 0.05 for each interaction). | Age, gender, race, enrollment site, education, diabetes, BMI, prevalent heart disease/stroke, total caloric intake, smoking, leisure-time physical activity, intakes of saturated fat, fruits, vegetables, alcohol, and tuna/other fish. |
| 24) Mozaffarian D (2005) | The Cardiovascular Health Study | 4,775 men and women aged 65-98, and free of cerebrovascular disease.
(US) | 12
(1989-90 to 2001) | See variables | Stroke risk | Fried fish or fish sandwich (fish burgers) |
Total stroke (626 cases)
| Multivariate analysis | Further adjusted for potential confounders/mediators* |
HR = 1.37 (1.09-1.73; P = 0.006) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
< 1 time/mo: HR = 1.
1-3 times/mo: HR = 1.17 (0.97-1.42).
≥ 1 times/wk: HR = 1.37 (1.09-1.73).
|
HR = 1.33 (1.05-1.68; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
< 1 time/mo: HR = 1.
1-3 times/mo: HR = 1.14 (0.94-1.38).
≥ 1 times/wk: HR = 1.33 (1.05-1.68).
Effect modification: No effect modification was found by follow-up period. HR's for the first (HR = 1.30; 95% CI = 0.94-1.79; P = 0.08), and second (HR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.00-1.98; P = 0.07) 6 years of follow-up.
|
Ischemic stroke (537 cases)
| Multivariate analysis | Further adjusted for potential confounders/mediators* |
HR = 1.44 (1.12-1.85; P = 0.003) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
< 1 time/mo: HR = 1.
1-3 times/mo: HR = 1.19 (0.97-1.46).
≥ 1 times/wk: HR = 1.44 (1.12-1.85).
|
HR = 1.39 (1.08-1.79; P = 0.01) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
< 1 time/mo: HR = 1.
1-3 times/mo: HR = 1.15 (0.94-1.42).
≥ 1 times/wk: HR = 1.39 (1.08-1.79).
Effect modification: No effect modification was found by follow-up period. HR's for the first (HR = 1.31; 95% CI = 0.93-1.85; P = 0.10), and second (HR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.06-2.22; P = 0.03) 6 years of follow-up.
|
Hemmorhagic stroke (including subarachnoid) (73 cases)
| Multivariate analysis | Further adjusted for potential confounders/mediators* |
HR = 1.06 (0.53-2.11; P = 0.91) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
< 1 time/mo: HR = 1.
1-3 times/mo: HR = 0.96 (0.54-1.70).
≥ 1 times/wk: HR = 1.06 (0.53-2.11).
|
HR = 1.10 (0.55-2.19; P = 0.84) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
< 1 time/mo: HR = 1.
1-3 times/mo: HR = 0.98 (0.55-1.74).
≥ 1 times/wk: HR = 1.10 (0.55-2.19).
|
*Potential mediators include systolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and C-reactive protein levels.
Effect modification: There was little evidence that findings varied by age, sex, education, diabetes, prevalent coronary heart disease, treated hypertension, systolic blood pressure, smoking, or aspirin use (P >.05 for each interaction).Age, sex, education, diabetes, prevalant CHD, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, aspirin use, BMI, leisure-time physical activity, alcohol use, total and caloric intake.
Race, income, enrollment site, hypertension, frequent falls, exercise intensity, diastolic blood pressure, carotid intimal medial thickness, and atrial fibrillation; use of beta-blockers, lipidlowering medication, fish oil, and estrogen; fasting glucose, insulin, fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII; and estimated intake of total fat, saturated fat, linolenic acid, carbohydrates, protein, fiber, wine, thiamine, vitamin A, and vitamin C did not appreciably alter the relations. |
| 24) Mozaffarian D (2003) | The Cardiovascular Health Study | 3,910 men and women aged ≥ 65 and free of known CVD. | 9.3 | See variables | Heart disease | Fried fish/fish sandwich (fish burger) |
Total IHD death (combined fatal MI + CHD death)
(247 cases) | Arrhytmic IHD death (from primary and secondary arrhytmia)
(148 cases) | Nonfatal MI
(363 cases) |
HR = 1.37 (0.48-3.90; P = 0.35) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (frequency of consumption):
< 1/mo: HR = 1.
1-3/mo: HR = 1.23 (0.83-1.83).
1/wk: HR = 1.61 (0.88-2.94).
2/wk: HR = 1.14 (0.68-1.91).
≥ 3/wk: HR = 1.37 (0.48-3.90).
|
HR = 1.54 (0.82-2.90; P = 0.28) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (frequency of consumption):
< 1/mo: HR = 1.
1-3/mo: HR = 1.22 (0.71-2.08).
1/wk: HR = 1.95 (0.91-4.18).
2/wk: HR = 1.54 (0.82-2.90).
≥ 3/wk: -.
|
HR = 1.93 (0.91-4.08; P = 0.11) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (frequency of consumption):
< 1/mo: HR = 1.
1-3/mo: HR = 1.28 (0.93-1.77).
1/wk: HR = 1.58 (0.93-2.70).
2/wk: HR = 1.22 (0.82-1.82).
≥ 3/wk: HR = 1.93 (0.91-4.08).
|
Effect modification: There was little evidence that associations varied according to age, gender, smoking, or presence of diabetes or obesity. (no data shown).Age, gender, education, diabetes, current smoking, pack-years of smoking, tuna/other fish and fried fish/fish sandwich consumption, BMI, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and intake of saturated fat, alcohol, beef/pork, fruits, and vegetables.
Further adjustments had little effect, including for recruitment community, race, income, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, family history of MI, atrial fibrillation, selfperceived health, physical activity, exercise intensity, carotid intimal medial thickness; use of aspirin, beta-blockers, lipid-lowering medication, estrogen, and fish oil; fasting glucose and insulin, white blood cell count, fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII; and estimated intake of total fat, polyunsaturated fat, carbohydrates, protein, wine, fried chicken or french fries, thiamine, vitamin A, and vitamin C. |
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