Grapefruit and cardiovascular disease.

Total cardiovascular disease: Data about the relation with total cardiovascular disease was provided by one cohort (17). No association was found with CVD death.

Coronary heart disease: Data about the relation with coronary heart disease was provided by one cohort (17). A significant protective effect against CHD death was found.

Stroke: Data about the relation with stroke was provided by one cohort (7). A nonsignificant protective effect against cerebrovascular disease risk was found.

Conclusion: A significant protective effect against CHD mortality - but not total CVD mortality - was found in one cohort, but results are to limited to be judged as evidence. Inconclusive evidence was found for an association between grapefruit and CVD.

Author	Cohort name	Subjects	Years of follow-up	Cases	End point	Consumption of	Relative Risk (RR)	Adjustments
17) Mink PJ. (2007)	The Iowa Women's Health Study.	34,489 postmenopausal women aged 55-69. (USa)	16 (1986-2002)	2,316	Cardiovascular disease mortality	Grapefruit	RR = 0.93 (0.84-1.03; P = 0.144) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (servings/wk): < 1: RR = 1. 1: RR = 0.90 (0.80-1.02). > 1: RR = 0.93 (0.84-1.03).	Age, energy intake, marital status, education, blood pressure, diabetes, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, and estrogen use.
17) Mink PJ. (2007)	The Iowa Women's Health Study.	34,489 postmenopausal women aged 55-69. (USa)	16 (1986-2002)	1,329	Coronary heart disease mortality	Grapefruit	RR = 0.85 (0.74-0.98; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (servings/wk): < 1: RR = 1. 1: RR = 0.90 (0.77-1.06). > 1: RR = 0.85 (0.74-0.98).	Age, energy intake, marital status, education, blood pressure, diabetes, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, and estrogen use.
7) Knekt P. (2002)	The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Cohort.	10,054 men and women.	28 (1967-1994)	806?	Cerebrovascular disease incidence	Grapefruit	RR = 0.63 (0.36-1.09; P = 0.07). No data shown, but probably for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.	Sex, age, geographic area, occupation, blood pressure, smoking, serum cholesterol, BMI, and diabetes.

Author

Cohort name

Subjects

Years of follow-up

Cases

End point

Consumption of

Relative Risk (RR)

Adjustments

17) Mink PJ. (2007)

The Iowa Women's Health Study.

34,489 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USa)

16
(1986-2002)

2,316

Cardiovascular disease mortality

Grapefruit

RR = 0.93 (0.84-1.03; P = 0.144) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 0.90 (0.80-1.02).
> 1: RR = 0.93 (0.84-1.03).

Age, energy intake, marital status, education, blood pressure, diabetes, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, and estrogen use.

17) Mink PJ. (2007)

The Iowa Women's Health Study.

34,489 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USa)

16
(1986-2002)

1,329

Coronary heart disease mortality

Grapefruit

RR = 0.85 (0.74-0.98; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 0.90 (0.77-1.06).
> 1: RR = 0.85 (0.74-0.98).

Age, energy intake, marital status, education, blood pressure, diabetes, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, and estrogen use.

7) Knekt P. (2002)

The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Cohort.

10,054 men and women.

28
(1967-1994)

806?

Cerebrovascular disease incidence

Grapefruit

RR = 0.63 (0.36-1.09; P = 0.07).
No data shown, but probably for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Sex, age, geographic area, occupation, blood pressure, smoking, serum cholesterol, BMI, and diabetes.

Cardiovascular disease & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our
diet to heart disease and stroke.

Grapefruit and cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of ourdiet to heart disease and stroke.

Grapefruit and cardiovascular disease.

Relating various aspects of our
diet to heart disease and stroke.