| 28) Sauvaget C (2003) | The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. | 39,337 subjects (14,966 men and 23,471 women) aged 34-103.
(Japan) | 1980-81 to 1998 | Total stroke: 556 men, and 1,044 women.
Cerebral hemorrhage: 135 men, and 258 women.
Cerebral infarction 277 men, and 468 women. | Stroke death | Green-yellow vegetables (not defined) |
Total stroke death:
| Men | Women |
RH = 0.81 (0.63-1.03; P = 0.0816) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/week: RH = 1.
2-4/week: RH = 0.87 (0.71-1.07).
almost daily: RH = 0.81 (0.63-1.03).
|
RH = 0.85 (0.70-1.02; P = 0.0542) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/week: RH = 1.
2-4/week: RH = 1.00 (0.85-1.18).
almost daily: RH = 0.85 (0.70-1.02).
|
Death from cerebral hemorrhage:
| Men | Women |
RH = 1.00 (0.62-1.64; P = 0.9746) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/week: RH = 1.
2-4/week: RH = 0.78 (0.51-1.21).
almost daily: RH = 1.00 (0.62-1.64).
|
RH = 0.81 (0.56-1.16; P = 0.2489) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/week: RH = 1.
2-4/week: RH = 0.89 (0.65-1.23).
almost daily: RH = 0.81 (0.56-1.16).
|
Death from cerebral infarction:
| Men | Women |
RH = 0.72 (0.50-1.03; P = 0.0754) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/week: RH = 1.
2-4/week: RH = 0.95 (0.70-1.27).
almost daily: RH = 0.72 (0.50-1.03).
|
RH = 0.76 (0.57-1.00; P = 0.0426) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/week: RH = 1.
2-4/week: RH = 0.92 (0.72-1.18).
almost daily: RH = 0.76 (0.57-1.00).
|
RH = Relative Hazard.
Adjustment for intake of fruits did not alter the results (data not shown).Age-stratified. And adjusted for radiation dose, city, BMI, smoking status, alcohol habits, education level, medical history of hypertension, MI, diabetes, and consumption of animal products (egg, dairy, fish). |
| 11) Sahyoun NR. (1996) | No cohort name. | 725 subjects (254 men, and 471 women) aged 60-101 from Massachusetts.
(USA) | 9-12
(1981-84 to 1993) | 101? | Mortality from heart disease | Dark green/orange vegetables (not defined) | RR = 0.43 (0.20-0.92; P = 0.006) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (tertiles. No amounts defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 1.23 (0.80-1.88).
T3: RR = 0.43 (0.20-0.92). | Age, sex, disease status, and disabilities affecting shopping. |
Table 2.
Prospective studies of green-yellow vegetables and CVD by Hirayama T.:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 5) Kinjo Y (1999) | No cohort name defined | 223,170 men and women aged 40-69, and without a history of diseases other than stomach disease.
(Japan) | 1966-1981 | See variables | Cerebrovascular disease mortality (Cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral embolism and thrombosis, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and other cerebrovascular disease) | Green-yellow vegetables (not defined) |
All cerebrovascular disease
(11,030 cases) | Cerebral haemorrhage
(4,773 cases) | Cerebral embolism and thrombosis
(4,084 cases) |
RR = 1.03 (0.90-1.17) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption/week):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 1.05 (0.91-1.97).
≥ 4: RR = 1.03 (0.90-1.17).
|
RR = 0.98 (0.81-1.19) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption/week):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 1.05 (0.86-1.29).
≥ 4: RR = 0.98 (0.81-1.19).
|
RR = 1.07 (0.86-1.33) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption/week):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 1.06 (0.85-1.33).
≥ 4: RR = 1.07 (0.86-1.33).
|
Sex, attained age, follow-up interval, prefecture, alcohol drinking, smoking and occupation. |
| 5) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) |
Cerebrovascular disease mortality: (Number of cases not clearly defined).
Cerebral haemorrhage mortality: (3,556? men, and 2,811? women).
Cerebral embolism mortality: (3,380? men, and 2,497? women).
| Cerebral & Cerebrovascular disease mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
| Men & Women | Men | Women |
Cerebrovascular disease mortality: RR = 1.02 (90% CI = 0.99-1.06; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
Cerebral haemorrhage mortality: RR = 0.99 (90% CI = 0.95-1.04; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
Cerebral embolism mortality: RR = 1.05 (90% CI = 1.00-1.10; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
|
Cerebrovascular disease mortality: RR = 1.20 (90% CI = 0.90-1.61; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
None: RR = 1.20 (0.90-1.61).
1-3 times/month: RR = 1.00 (0.89-1.13.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 1.02 (0.98-1.07).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1.
|
Cerebrovascular disease mortality: RR = 0.72 (90% CI = 0.46-1.13; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
None: RR = 0.72 (0.46-1.13).
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.82 (0.69-0.97).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.92 (0.88-0.97).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1.
|
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs of cerebrovascular disease among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.02.
Meat: RR = 0.92.
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 0.98.
Alcohol: RR = 1.05. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 1.00.
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 0.78.
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 1.08. |
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs of cerebral haemorrhage among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.84 (P = < 0.05).
Meat: RR = 0.87.
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 0.80 (P = < 0.05).
Alcohol: RR = 1.11. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 0.78 (P for main effect only = < 0.05).
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 0.74.
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 0.91. |
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs of cerebral embolism among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.13.
Meat: RR = 0.93.
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 1.16.
Alcohol: RR = 1.00. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 1.20.
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 0.71 (P for main effect only = < 0.05).
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 1.20. |
RRs of meat, green-yellow vegetables, and alcohol are for consumption > or = 4 times/wk. RR of smoking is for daily smoking. No reference groups are defined.
Definitions: Meat (beef, pork, chicken, ham/sausages, and other), and Alcohol (sake, shochu, beer, whiskey, and others).
Not defined (possibly only age).
Age and sex-adjusted for the RRs of associations with men & women combined. |
| 5) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) |
211? men, and 277? women
| Subarachnoid haemorrhage mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
| Men & Women | Men | Women |
| RR = 1.00 (90% CI = 0.84-1.18; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk. |
RR = 1.33 (90% CI = 0.22-7.98; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
None: RR = 1.33 (0.22-7.89).
1-3 times/month: RR = 1.58 (0.83-3.00).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 1.14 (0.89-1.48).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
RR = 0.82 (90% CI = 0.36-1.85; No P-value). for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
≤ 3 times/month: RR = 0.82 (0.36-1.85).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.88 (0.69-1.12).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs of subarachnoid haemorrhage among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.87.
Meat: RR = 1.64.
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 1.22.
Alcohol: RR = 0.48. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 1.45.
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 1.14.
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 0.60. |
RRs of meat, green-yellow vegetables, and alcohol are for consumption > or = 4 times/wk. RR of smoking is for daily smoking. No reference groups are defined.
Definitions: Meat (beef, pork, chicken, ham/sausages, and other), and Alcohol (sake, shochu, beer, whiskey, and others).
Men who smoked daily + consumed alcohol and meat daily (age-adjusted RR):
RR = 0.29 (No 90% CI; No P-value) for daily vs non-daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables
(daily consumption is defined as: consumption ≥ 4 times/wk for all dietary items).Not defined (possibly only age).
Age and sex-adjusted for the RRs of associations with men & women combined. |
| 5) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) |
2,170? men, and 1,378? women
| Ischaemic heart disease mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
| Men & Women | Men | Women |
| RR = 0.92 (90% CI = 0.87-0.98; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk. |
RR = 0.98 (90% CI = 0.52-1.87; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
None: RR = 0.98 (0.52-1.87).
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.95 (0.74-1.22).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 1.11 (1.02-1.20).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
RR = 1.44 (90% CI = 0.71-2.92; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
None: RR = 1.44 (0.71-2.92).
1-3 times/month: RR = 1.28 (0.94-1.73).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 1.06 (0.96-1.18).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs of ischaemic heart disease among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.99 (P = < 0.001).
Meat: RR = 0.94.
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 1.12.
Alcohol: RR = 1.06. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 1.86.
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 1.42 (P for main effect only = < 0.05).
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 1.08. |
RRs of meat, green-yellow vegetables, and alcohol are for consumption > or = 4 times/wk. RR of smoking is for daily smoking. No reference groups are defined.
Definitions: Meat (beef, pork, chicken, ham/sausages, and other), and Alcohol (sake, shochu, beer, whiskey, and others).
Not defined (possibly only age).
Age and sex-adjusted for the RRs of associations with men & women combined. |
| 5) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) |
Hypertensive heart disease mortality: (559? men, and 613? women).
Hypertension mortality: (Number of cases not clearly defined).
| Hypertensive heart disease mortality +
Hypertension mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
| Men & Women | Men | Women |
Hypertensive heart disease mortality: RR = 1.00 (90% CI = 0.90-1.12; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
Hypertension: RR = 0.79 (90% CI = 0.66-0.95; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
|
Hypertensive heart disease mortality: RR = 1.58 (90% CI = 0.59-4.23; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
None: RR = 1.58 (0.59-4.23).
1-3 times/month: RR = 1.35 (0.89-2.05).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 1.03 (0.88-1.21).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
Hypertensive heart disease mortality: RR = 0.98 (90% CI = 0.28-3.50; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
None: RR = 0.98 (0.28-3.50).
1-3 times/month: RR = 1.13 (0.70-1.82).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.92 (0.79-1.08).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs of hypertensive heart disease among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.92 (P = < 0.05).
Meat: RR = 0.63.
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 1.21.
Alcohol: RR = 1.05. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 1.84.
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 0.40.
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 1.27. |
RRs of meat, green-yellow vegetables, and alcohol are for consumption > or = 4 times/wk. RR of smoking is for daily smoking. No reference groups are defined.
Definitions: Meat (beef, pork, chicken, ham/sausages, and other), and Alcohol (sake, shochu, beer, whiskey, and others).
Not defined (possibly only age).
Age and sex-adjusted for the RRs of associations with men & women combined. |
| 5) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) |
Number of cases not clearly defined).
| Aneurysm mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
| Men & Women | Men | Women |
| RR = 0.97 (90% CI = 0.69-1.37; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk. |
RR = 2.41 (90% CI = 1.02-5.67; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
≤ 3 times/month: RR = 2.41 (1.02-5.67).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.76 (0.46-1.25).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
RR = 1.35 (90% CI = 0.79-2.30; No P-value) for consumption ≤ 3 vs ≥ 4 times/wk. |
Men who smoked daily + consumed alcohol and meat daily (age-adjusted RRs):
peripheral vascular disease, aneurysm: RR = 0.31 (No 90% CI; No P-value) for daily vs non-daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables
(daily consumption is defined as: consumption ≥ 4 times/wk for all dietary items).Not defined (possibly only age).
Age and sex-adjusted for the RRs of associations with men & women combined. |
| 5) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) |
14? men, and 3? women
| Peripheral vascular disease mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
| Men | Women |
RR = 1.26 (90% CI = 0.21-7.51; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
≤ 3 times/month: RR = 1.26 (0.21-7.51).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.47 (0.20-1.14).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
RR = 0.40 (90% CI = 0.08-2.15; No P-value) for consumption ≤ 3 vs ≥ 4 times/wk. |
Men who smoked daily + consumed alcohol and meat daily (age-adjusted RRs):
peripheral vascular disease, aneurysm: RR = 0.31 (No 90% CI; No P-value) for daily vs non-daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables
(daily consumption is defined as: consumption ≥ 4 times/wk for all dietary items).Not defined (possibly only age). |
| 5) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) |
131 men?, and 233? women
| Rheumatic heart disease mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
RR = 0.77 (90% CI = 0.64-0.93; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
| Age and sex-adjusted. |
| 5) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) |
169? men, and 135? women
| Arterial sclerosis mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
RR = 0.80 (90% CI = 0.54-0.98; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
| Age and sex-adjusted. |
| 5) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) |
Cerebral embolism mortality: (3,380? men, and 2,497? women).
Arterial embolism mortality: (14? men, and 6? women).
| Embolism mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
Cerebral embolism mortality: RR = 1.05 (90% CI = 1.00-1.10; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
Arterial embolism mortality: RR = 2.00 (90% CI = 0.97-4.13; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs of cerebral embolism among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.13.
Meat: RR = 0.93.
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 1.16.
Alcohol: RR = 1.00. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 1.20.
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 0.71 (P for main effect only = < 0.05).
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 1.20. |
RRs of meat, green-yellow vegetables, and alcohol are for consumption ≥ 4 times/wk. RR of smoking is for daily smoking. No reference groups are defined.
Definitions: Meat (beef, pork, chicken, ham/sausages, and other), and Alcohol (sake, shochu, beer, whiskey, and others).
Age and sex-adjusted. |
| | | | | | | | |