| 36) Takachi R. (2007) | The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC). | 77,891 subjects (35,909 men 41,982 and women) aged 45-74.
(Japan) | 5.8
(1995-1998 to 2002) | 1,386?
(227 myocardial infarction, 1,159 stroke) | Risk of cardiovascular disease | Onions | Not significantly inversely associated with CVD risk (no data shown). | Age, public health center area, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy, screening examination, medication, and daily vitamin supplement use. |
| 21) Sesso HD. (2003) | The Women's Health Study. | 38,445 female health professionals aged ≥ 45 y, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in the primary prevention of CVD and cancer. | 6.9 | Total CVD risk (719), and
Important vascular events (512) | CVD risk | Onions |
Total cardiovascular disease
(MI, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, stroke, and CVD death) | Important vascular events
(myocardial infarction, stroke, and CVD death) |
RR = 1.00 (0.68-1.46; P = 0.50) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
None: RR = 1.
≤ 1: RR = 1.00 (0.85-1.19).
2-4: RR = 1.18 (0.91-1.54).
≥ 5: RR = 1.00 (0.68-1.46).
|
RR = 1.15 (0.75-1.78; P = 0.28) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
None: RR = 1.
≤ 1: RR = 1.04 (0.85-1.28).
2-4: RR = 1.21 (0.89-1.66).
≥ 5: RR = 1.15 (0.75-1.78).
|
Age, randomized aspirin treatment, randomized vitamin E treatment, randomized beta carotene treatment, total energy intake, BMI, exercise, alcohol intake, smoking, postmenopausal hormone use, parental history of myocardial infarctioin at age < 60, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, fruit and vegetable intake, fiber intake, folate intake, and saturated fat intake. |
Coronary heart disease:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 14) Hertog MG (1997) | The Caerphilly Study. | 1900 Welsh men aged 45-59. | 14 | 131 | Ischemic heart disease mortality | Onion |
RR = 0.6 (0.4-1.1; P = 0.178) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (frequency of use/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 1.0 (0.6-1.8).
2: RR = 1.1 (0.6-1.8).
> 2: RR = 0.6 (0.4-1.1). | Age, smoking, baseline evidence of ischemic heart disease, social class, BMI, systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, fat, vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene. |
| 10) Lin J (2007) | The Nurses' Health Study. | 66,360 women aged 34-59.
(USA) | 12
(1990-2002) | Risk of nonfatal MI: 938.
CHD death: 324. | Risk of myocardial infarction, and
CHD death | Onions (either as a garnish or as a vegetable) |
| Nonfatal MI | Fatal CHD |
RR = 0.98 (0.74-1.29; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
0-< 3/week: RR = 1.
3- < 5/week: RR = 0.89 (0.73-1.08).
5- < 7/week: RR = 1.19 (0.97-1.48).
1- < 2/day: RR = 1.22 (0.91-1.63).
≥ 2/day: RR = 0.98 (0.74-1.29).
|
RR = 0.90 (0.55-1.47; P = 0.58) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
0-< 3/week: RR = 1.
3- < 5/week: RR = 0.92 (0.68-1.27).
5- < 7/week: RR = 0.98 (0.67-1.44).
1- < 2/day: RR = 1.46 (0.92-2.31).
≥ 2/day: RR = 0.90 (0.55-1.47).
|
Age; current smoking; parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60; history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes; menopausal status; postmenopausal hormone use; use of aspirin; use of multivitamin and vitamin E supplements; BMI; physical activity; alcohol consumption; and total energy intake. |
| 7) Knekt P. (2002) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Cohort. | 10,054 men and women. | 28
(1967-1994) | 681? | Ischemic heart disease mortality | Onions | RR = 0.77 (0.59-1.00; P = 0.02).
No data shown, but probably for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. | Age, sex, geographic area, occupation, blood pressure, smoking, serum cholesterol, BMI, and diabetes. |
| 7) Knekt P (1996) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Cohort. | 5133 subjects (2748 men and 2385 women) aged 30-69. | 26
(1967-72 to 1992) | 473? | Coronary heart disease mortality | Onions |
| Men: | Women: |
| RR = 0.74 (0.53-1.02) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (≥ 5 vs 0 g).
|
RR = 0.50 (0.30-0.82) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (≥ 5 vs 0 g).
|
Adjustment for the intake of other fruits and vegetables, did not materially alter the results (data not shown).Age, smoking, serum cholesterol, hypertension, and BMI. |
| 6) Hertog MG (1993) | The Zutphen Elderly Study.
(The Dutch contribution to The Seven Countries Study) | 805 men aged 65-84.
(The Netherlands) | 5
(1985-1990) | Mortality from coronary heart disease: 43?
Myocardial infarction incidence: 38? | Coronary heart disease | Onions | Mortality from coronary heart disease:
RR = 0.85 (0.46-1.61) for consumption vs no consumption.
Myocardial infarction incidence:
No association was found with incidence of first myocardial infarction (P = 0.28). | Unadjusted. |
Stroke:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 7) Knekt P (2000) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Cohort. | 9,208 men and women aged ≥ 15.
(Finland) | 28
(1967-1994) | All cerebrovascular disease: 445 men, and 378 women.
Acute strokes: 309 men, and 259 women.
Thrombosis or embolia: 236 men, and 197 women.
Intracerebral haemorrhage: 55 men, and 40 women. | Cerebrovascular disease risk | Onion |
Men:
| All cerebrovascular disease | Acute strokes | Thrombosis or embolia | Intracerebral haemorrhage |
| RR = 0.83 (0.61-1.14; P = 0.42) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (> 5 vs < 3 g).
|
RR = 0.87 (0.60-1.25; P = 0.79) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (> 5 vs < 3 g).
|
RR = 1.11 (0.72-1.71; P = 0.68) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (> 5 vs < 3 g).
|
RR = 0.60 (0.26-1.37; P = 0.35) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (> 5 vs < 3 g).
|
Women:
| All cerebrovascular disease | Acute strokes | Thrombosis or embolia | Intracerebral haemorrhage |
| RR = 1.01 (0.71-1.42; P = 0.14) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (> 4 vs < 2 g).
|
RR = 1.37 (0.91-2.08; P = 0.01) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (> 4 vs < 2 g).
|
RR = 1.44 (0.90-2.31; P = 0.008) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (> 4 vs < 2 g).
|
RR = 1.12 (0.38-3.30; P = 0.84) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (> 4 vs < 2 g).
|
No data was shown for quartile 2 and 3.
Age, serum cholesterol, BMI, smoking, hypertension, geographical region, diabetes and occupation, and intakes of quercetin, beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, fibre, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and energy. |
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