| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 20) Nettleton JA (2008) | The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study. | 14,153 African-American and white adults age 45-64.
(USA) | 13.3
(1987-89 to 2003) | 1,140? (639 men, 501 women) | Incident heart failure | Red meat (hamburger, meat in sandwiches or mixed dishes, hot dogs, sausage/salami, bacon, liver) or
processed meat (not defined) | RR = 1.07 (0.97-1.17; No P-value) for a 1 serving/d difference.
There were no significant interactions between dietary intake variables and BMI, sex, race, or baseline disease status (CVD, diabetes, or hypertension) (data not shown). | Energy intake, age, sex, race/center, education level, physical activity level, smoking status, drinking status, and prevalent disease (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension). |
| 17) Kelemen LE (2005) | The Iowa Women's Health study | 29,017 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 15 (1986-2000) | 739? | Coronary heart disease mortality | Red meats (beef, pork, and processed meat) | RR = 1.44 (1.06-1.94; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quintile (median servings per 1,000 kcal between extreme quintiles = 0.28 and 1.20) of substitution for an isoenergetic amount of all carbohydrate-rich foods*
Amount specific data (quintiles. No amounts specified):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.10.
Q3: RR = 1.09.
Q4: RR = 1.29.
Q5: RR = 1.44.
*Carbohydrate rich foods [defined as: A composite of refined carbohydrates (rice, pasta, potatoes, refined cold breakfast cereal, muffins, snack foods, sweetened sodas, pizza, chocolate, candy, cakes, cookies, donuts, pastries, pies) and whole-grain carbohydrates (dark bread, brown rice, oatmeal, whole-grain breakfast cereal, bran, wheat germ, and other grains such as bulgar, kasha, and couscous)]. | Age, total energy, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans-fat, total fiber, dietary cholesterol, dietary methionine, alcohol, smoking, activity level, BMI, history of hypertension, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, education, family history of cancer, servings of fruits and vegetables excluding potatoes, legumes, dairy, eggs, red meats, poultry, and fish. |
| 12) Whiteman D (1999) | The OXCHECK Study | 10,522 men and women aged 35-64 without a previous history of angina.
(UK) | 9
(1989-1997) | 94 | IHD mortality | Fresh or frozen red meat other than processed meat (e.g. beef, lamb, pork) |
RR = 0.55 (0.31-0.99; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (days/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 0.78 (0.48-1.28).
4-7: RR = 0.55 (0.31-0.99).
This association remained after additional adjustment for fresh or frozen green vegetables/salad, puddings/cakes/biscuits/sweets, and use of hard margarine: RR = 0.60 (0.31-1.18).
Stratified by long-standing disease
| No | Yes |
RR = 0.50 (0.17-1.49; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (days/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 0.93 (0.39-2.22).
4-7: RR = 0.50 (0.17-1.49). |
RR = 0.54 (0.27-1.08; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (days/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 0.66 (0.36-1.22).
4-7: RR = 0.54 (0.27-1.08). |
Stratified by vigorous exercise
| No | Yes |
RR = 0.58 (0.30-1.09; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (days/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 0.79 (0.46-1.37).
4-7: RR = 0.58 (0.30-1.09). |
Unable to fit model. |
Gender, smoking and age. |
| 10) Albert CM (1998) | The Physician's Health Study | 20,551 men aged 40-84, and without a history of MI, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or cancer.
(USA) | 11
(1983-1995) | 133? | Sudden cardiac death | Red meat (not defined) | No significant association was found (no data shown). | Age, aspirin and beta carotene treatment assignment, evidence of CVD, BMI, smoking status, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, alcohol, vigorous exercise, vitamine E, vitamin C, and multivitamin use. |
| 6) Qi L (2007) | The Nurses' Health Study | 6,161 women with type 2 diabetes, but without CVD or cancer. | 1980-2000 | 550 | CHD incidence (fatal CHD, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and coronary revascularization) | Red meat (beef, pork, or lamb as a main dish; beef as a sandwich or mixed dish; hamburger; hot dog; processed meat; and bacon) |
RR = 1.36 (0.97-1.91; P = 0.03) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.55: RR = 1.
not defined: RR = 0.99 (0.75-1.31).
1.22: RR = 1.01 (0.76-1.37).
not defined: RR = 1.15 (0.84-1.57).
2.39: RR = 1.36 (0.97-1.91).
Stratified by CHD type:
Nonfatal MI
(259 cases) | Fatal CHD
(153 cases) | Coronary revascularization
(138 cases) |
RR = 0.91 (0.56-1.47; P = 0.95) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.55: RR = 1.
not defined: RR = 0.82 (0.55-1.22).
1.22: RR = 0.79 (0.52-1.20).
not defined: RR = 0.83 (0.53-1.30).
2.39: RR = 0.91 (0.56-1.47).
|
RR = 2.05 (1.08-3.90; P = 0.039) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.55: RR = 1.
not defined: RR = 1.40 (0.82-2.40).
1.22: RR = 1.35 (0.76-2.40).
not defined: RR = 1.45 (0.78-2.68).
2.39: RR = 2.05 (1.08-3.90).
|
RR = 1.91 (0.96-3.83; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.55: RR = 1.
not defined: RR = 0.93 (0.54-1.75).
1.22: RR = 1.22 (0.67-2.22).
not defined: RR = 1.66 (0.89-3.09).
2.39: RR = 1.91 (0.96-3.83).
|
Age, BMI, smoking alcohol consumption, physical activity, aspirin use, duration of diabetes, history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of CHD, cereal fiber, glycemic load, polyunsaturated fat-to-saturated fat ratio, trans fat, multivitamin use, and vitamin C. |
| 6) Liu J (2003) | The Nurses' Health Study | 57,031 postmenopausal women. | 1980-1998 | 1,351? | CHD incidence (nonfatal myocardial infarction and CHD death) | Red meat (not defined) | No significant association was found (no data shown). | Age, smoking, history of diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol, parental history of CHD before age 60, BMI, physical activity, aspirin use, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, and vitamin E supplement use. |
| 6) Hu FB (1999) | The Nurses' Health Study. | 80,082 women aged 34-59, and without a history of cancer, diabetes, angina, MI, stroke, or other CVD, and high serum cholesterol concentrations.
(USA) | 14
(1980-1994) | 939? | Coronary heart disease incidence (nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal coronary disease) | Red meat (beef, pork, or lamb as a main dish; beef as a sandwich or mixed dish; hamburger; hot dog; processed meat; and bacon) |
| Red meat | Ratio of red meat to poultry and fish |
RR = 1.15 (No 95% CI; P = 0.35) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
RR for 1 serving/d: 1.09 (0.91-1.30).
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< or = 0.59: RR = 1.0.
0.60-0.85: RR = 1.02.
0.86-1.13: RR = 0.95.
1.14-1.50: RR = 1.03.
> 1.50: RR = 1.15.
|
RR = 1.32 (No 95% CI; P = 0.001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
RRs for increasing quintiles:
RR = 1.0.
RR = 1.00.
RR = 1.13.
RR = 1.20.
RR = 1.32.
|
Age, time period, BMI, cigarette smoking, menopausal status, parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60, vitamin E supplement use, alcohol consumption, history of hypertension, aspirin use, vigorous exercise, and total energy. Red meat, white meat, and high-fat and low-fat dairy products were entered into the multivariate models simultaneously. |
| 6) Willet WC (1993) | The Nurses' Health Study | 85,095 women.
(USA) | 8
(1980-1988) | 431? | CHD risk
(nonfatal MI or death from CHD) | Beef, pork, lamb (main dish) |
RR = 1.22 (0.61-2.43; P = 0.86) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (main dish):
< 1 per month: RR = 1.
1-4 per month: RR = 1.16 (0.59-2.26).
2-4 per wk: RR = 0.95 (0.48-1.86).
5-7 per wk: RR = 1.22 (0.61-2.43). | Age, time period, BMI, alcohol, smoking, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of MI before age 60, history of hypertension, multivitamin use. |
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