| 20) Cox BD. (2000) | The British Health and Lifestyle Survey (HALS). | 1,422 men, and 1,826 women aged 35-75. | 7
(1984-85 to 1991-92) | 205? men, and 187? women | Cardiovascular disease risk | Salad (not defined) |
Men
| Salad in winter | Salad in summer |
OR = 0.85 (0.72-1.00; P = 0.049) per frequency category of increasing consumption.
Amount specific data:
Never: OR = 1.
< 1 day/wk: OR = 0.80.
1-2 days/wk: OR = 0.74.
3-6 days/wk: OR = 0.42.
Daily: OR = 0.66.
Reduced frequency (≥ 2 categories [categories: never, < 1/wk, 1-2/wk, most days, and daily]) of consumption in winter (compared to summer) led to an increase in risk: RR = 1.38 (0.97-1.97; P = 0.076). |
OR = 0.95 (0.82-1.10; P = 0.522) per frequency category of increasing consumption.
Amount specific data:
Never: OR = 1.
< 1 day/wk: OR = 0.72.
1-2 days/wk: OR = 0.86.
3-6 days/wk: OR = 0.82.
Daily: OR = 0.72. |
Women
| Salad in winter | Salad in summer |
OR = 0.76 (0.65-0.89; P = < 0.001) per frequency category of increasing consumption.
Amount specific data:
Never: OR = 1.
< 1 day/wk: OR = 0.72.
1-2 days/wk: OR = 0.67.
3-6 days/wk: OR = 0.31.
Daily: OR = 0.35.
Reduced frequency (≥ 2 categories [categories: never, < 1/wk, 1-2/wk, most days, and daily]) of consumption in winter (compared to summer) led to an increase in risk: RR = 1.47 (1.05-2.04; P = 0.024). |
OR = 0.76 (0.65-0.89; P = < 0.001) per frequency category of increasing consumption.
Amount specific data:
Never: OR = 1.
< 1 day/wk: OR = 0.59.
1-2 days/wk: OR = 0.36.
3-6 days/wk: OR = 0.32.
Daily: OR = 0.26. |
Age, smoking and socioeconomic group. |
| 12) Appleby PN. (2002) | The Health Food Shoppers Study. | 10,741 subjects, aged 16-89 (4,325 men, 6,416 women. 8,675 non-smokers).
(UK) | 1973-79 to 1997 | 1,202 (591 men, and 611 women. 981 non-smokers)? | Mortality from circulatory diseases | Raw vegetable salads (not defined) | RR = 0.94 (0.83-1.07; No P-value) for daily consumption vs less frequent consumption. | Age at recruitment, sex, smoking, and each other food (fresh fruit, wholemeal bread, nuts/dried fruit, raw vegetable salads, and bran cereals). |
| 9) Gaziano JM (1995) | The Massachusetts Health Care Panel Study. | 1,273 subjects aged ≥ 66. | 4.75 (1976-1980) | 161? | Cardiovascular death | Salads and/or green leafy vegetables (such as spinach and greens) | RR = 0.49 (0.31-0.77) for consumption ≥ 1 vs < 1 serving/day. | Age and sex. |
Coronary heart disease:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 12) Appleby PN. (2002) | The Health Food Shoppers Study. | 10,741 subjects, aged 16-89 (4,325 men, 6,416 women. 8,675 non-smokers).
(UK) | 1973-79 to 1997 | 605 (347 men, and 258 women. 484 non-smokers)? | Ischaemic heart disease mortality | Raw vegetable salads (not defined) | RR = 0.85 (0.71-1.02; No P-value) for daily consumption vs less frequent consumption. | Age at recruitment, sex, smoking, and each other food (fresh fruit, wholemeal bread, nuts/dried fruit, raw vegetable salads, and bran cereals). |
| 12) Key TJ. (1996) | The Health Food Shoppers Study. | 10.771 (4.336 men and 6.435 women) aged > or = 16, recruited through health food shops, vegeterian societies, and magazines.
(UK) | 16.8
(1973-79 to 1995) | 350? (224 men, 126 women) | Ischaemic heart disease mortality | raw salad (not defined) | RR = 0.74 (0.59-0.92; P = < 0.01) for consumption at least daily vs < daily.
Adjustment for fresh fruit increased the mortality ratio to 0.77 (0.61-0.97; No P-value). | age, sex, and smoking |
| 4) Fraser GE (1997) | The Adventist Health Study | Non-Hispanic white Seventh Seventh Day Adventists aged ≥ 84.
At study baseline there were 603 subjects older than 84 years, and during a 12-year follow-up, these and intitially younger subjects contributed 11,828 person-years of observation in the oldest-old age range.
(USA) | 12
(1976-88) | 364?
(110 men, and 254 women) | CHD death | Green salads (not defined) |
| Total: | Men: | Women: |
HR = 0.97 (0.73-1.30) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3 per week: RR = 1.
3-6 per week: RR = 1.18 (0.91-1.52).
≥ 1 per day: RR = 0.97 (0.73-1.30).
|
HR = 1.31 (0.78-2.19) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3 per week: RR = 1.
3-6 per week: RR = 1.36 (0.85-2.16).
≥ 1 per day: RR = 1.31 (0.78-2.19).
|
HR = 0.85 (0.60-1.20) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3 per week: RR = 1.
3-6 per week: RR = 1.12 (0.82-1.53).
≥ 1 per day: RR = 0.85 (0.60-1.20).
|
Age and sex. |
| 4) Fraser GE (1988) | The Adventist Health Study. | 28,038 nondiabetics who reported no previous history of MI. | 1977-1982 | 200? | definite MI risk | Green salads | A significant protective relation (no data shown). | Age and sex. |
Stroke:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 12) Appleby PN. (2002) | The Health Food Shoppers Study. | 10,741 subjects, aged 16-89 (4,325 men, 6,416 women. 8,675 non-smokers).
(UK) | 1973-79 to 1997 | 356 (142 men, and 214 women. 303 non-smokers)? | Cerebrovascular disease mortality | Raw vegetable salads (not defined) | RR = 1.11 (0.88-1.41; No P-value) for daily consumption vs less frequent consumption. | Age at recruitment, sex, smoking, and each other food (fresh fruit, wholemeal bread, nuts/dried fruit, raw vegetable salads, and bran cereals). |
| 12) Key TJ. (1996) | The Health Food Shoppers Study. | 10.771 (4.336 men and 6.435 women) aged > or = 16, recruited through health food shops, vegeterian societies, and magazines.
(UK) | 16.8
(1973-79 to 1995) | 147? (68 men, 79 women) | Cerebrovascular disease mortality | raw salad (not defined) | RR = 1.21 (0.87-1.68; No P-value) for consumption at least daily vs < daily. | age, sex, and smoking |
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