Soy and cardiovascular disease.

Total soy: Data about soy was provided by 2 cohorts. (Non)significant protective effects among women against all end points were found in one cohort (36), but no associations with any mortality end point were found in the other cohort (24).

Tofu: Data about tofu was provided by 2 cohorts. (Non)significant protective effects were found against cerebrovascular death (men & women) and IHD death (men) in one cohort (37). No association with CVD risk was found in the other cohort (21).

Soybean paste soup: Data about miso soup was provided by 4 Japanese cohorts. Different effects on different mortality end points were found in one cohort of very large size, but miso soup increased risk of stroke mortality (Hirayama T [5]). A later publication about this same cohorts showed that the association with stroke mortality attenuated, and became insignificant after better adjustment for possible confounders (Kinjo Y [5]). A significant protective effect against stroke mortality was found in one other cohort amont women only, though the trend was nonsignificant (36).

Conclusion: Few associations were found. No evidence was found for an association between various soy foods and CVD.

Soy and cerebral infarction risk:

Men
(387 cases)

Women
(200 cases)

HR = 0.95 (0.72-1.26; P = 0.411) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (days per week):
0-2: HR = 1.
3-4: HR = 0.85 (0.65-1.11).
≥ 5: HR = 0.95 (0.72-1.26).

HR = 0.64 (0.43-0.95; P = 0.037) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (days per week):
0-2: HR = 1.
3-4: HR = 0.81 (0.55-1.19).
≥ 5: HR = 0.64 (0.43-0.95).

Soy and myocardial infarction risk:

Men
(242 cases)

Women
(66 cases)

HR = 1.23 (0.72-2.07; P = 0.243) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (days per week):
0-2: HR = 1.
3-4: HR = 1.26 (0.76-2.07).
≥ 5: HR = 1.23 (0.72-2.07).

HR = 0.55 (0.26-1.09; P = 0.098) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (days per week):
0-2: HR = 1.
3-4: HR = 0.63 (0.31-1.25).
≥ 5: HR = 0.55 (0.26-1.09).

Soy and Ischemic CVD mortality:

Men
(175 cases)

Women
(57 cases)

HR = 0.90 (0.56-1.45; P = 0.202) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (days per week):
0-2: HR = 1.
3-4: HR = 1.19 (0.78-1.80.
≥ 5: HR = 0.90 (0.56-1.45).

HR = 0.31 (0.13-0.74; P = 0.006) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (days per week):
0-2: HR = 1.
3-4: HR = 1.15 (0.59-2.24).
≥ 5: HR = 0.31 (0.13-0.74).

Cardiovascular disease:

Men

Women

HR = 0.78 (0.55-1.12; P = 0.29) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (median intake in g/day):
40.6: HR = 1.
63.9: HR = 0.86 (0.59-1.27).
85.8: HR = 0.73 (0.50-1.08).
114.4: HR = 0.90 (0.62-1.29).
166.4: HR = 0.78 (0.55-1.12).

HR = 0.90 (0.63-1.28; P = 0.57) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (median intake in g/day):
38.5: HR = 1.
60.2: HR = 1.04 (0.72-1.50).
80.0: HR = 1.26 (0.89-1.79).
103.1: HR = 1.06 (0.75-1.50).
148.6: HR = 0.90 (0.63-1.28).

Ischemic heart disease:

Men

women

HR = 0.71 (0.39-1.28; P = 0.29) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption (not defined).

HR = 0.86 (0.42-1.78; P = 0.15) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption (not defined).

Cerebrovascular disease:

Men

women

HR = 0.84 (0.55-1.29; P = 0.43) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption (not defined).

HR = 0.85 (0.56-1.30; P = 0.45) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption (not defined).

Men:

Women:

HR = 0.83 (0.67-1.03; P = < 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 1.06 (0.87-1.29).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.83 (0.67-1.03).

HR = 0.89 (0.70-1.13) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.74 (0.58-0.94; P = < 0.05).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.89 (0.70-1.13).

Men:

Women:

HR = 0.88 (0.76-1.02; P = < 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.91 (0.79-1.04).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.88 (0.76-1.02).

HR = 0.82 (0.70-0.97; P = < 0.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.90 (0.77-1.05).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.82 (0.70-0.97).

Total cardiovascular disease
(MI, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, stroke, and CVD death)

Important vascular events
(myocardial infarction, stroke, and CVD death)

RR = 1.17 (0.71-1.91; P = 0.45) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 servings/mo: RR = 1.09 (0.77-1.55).
≥ 1 serving/wk: RR = 1.17 (0.71-1.91).

RR = 1.16 (0.65-2.08; P = 0.64) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 servings/mo: RR = 1.03 (0.67-1.57).
≥ 1 serving/wk: RR = 1.16 (0.65-2.08).

Men:

Bowls at present

Bowls at 30 years old

HR = 0.95 (0.76-1.20) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.82 (0.64-1.04).
≥ 2: HR = 0.95 (0.76-1.20).

HR = 0.89 (0.72-1.11) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.88 (0.68-1.14).
≥ 2: HR = 0.89 (0.72-1.11).

Women:

Bowls at present

Bowls at 30 years old

HR = 0.94 (0.73-1.20) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.69 (0.52-0.92; P = < 0.05).
≥ 2: HR = 0.94 (0.73-1.20).

HR = 0.87 (0.68-1.11) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.75 (0.55-1.02; P = < 0.10).
≥ 2: HR = 0.87 (0.68-1.11).

Men:

Bowls at present

Bowls at 30 years old

HR = 0.96 (0.81-1.15) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.97 (0.81-1.15).
≥ 2: HR = 0.96 (0.81-1.15).

HR = 0.96 (0.82-1.14) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.97 (0.80-1.17).
≥ 2: HR = 0.96 (0.82-1.14).

Women:

Bowls at present

Bowls at 30 years old

HR = 1.18 (1.00-1.40; P = < 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 1.08 (0.89-1.30).
≥ 2: HR = 1.18 (1.00-1.40).

HR = 1.17 (1.00-1.38; P = < 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 1.05 (0.86-1.28).
≥ 2: HR = 1.17 (1.00-1.38).

Miso soup and cerebral infarction risk:

Men

Women

HR = 0.79 (0.57-1.09; P = 0.870) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (times per day):
0-1: HR = 1.
2: HR = 0.83 (0.63-1.11).
≥ 3: HR = 0.79 (0.57-1.09).

HR = 0.58 (0.35-0.96; P = 0.088) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (times per day):
0-1: HR = 1.
2: HR = 0.60 (0.40-0.90).
≥ 3: HR = 0.58 (0.35-0.96).

Miso soup and myocardial infarction risk:

Men

Women

HR = 1.32 (0.82-2.12; P = 0.237) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (times per day):
0-1: HR = 1.
2: HR = 0.99 (0.65-1.51).
≥ 3: HR = 1.32 (0.82-2.12).

HR = 0.44 (0.14-1.32; P = 0.166) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (times per day):
0-1: HR = 1.
2: HR = 1.22 (0.55-2.73).
≥ 3: HR = 0.44 (0.14-1.32).

Miso soup and Ischemic CVD mortality:

Men

Women

HR = 0.86 (0.53-1.40; P = 0.598) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (times per day):
0-1: HR = 1.
2: HR = 0.80 (0.51-1.27).
≥ 3: HR = 0.86 (0.53-1.40).

HR = 0.82 (0.33-2.01; P = 0.662) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (times per day):
0-1: HR = 1.
2: HR = 0.89 (0.42-1.88).
≥ 3: HR = 0.82 (0.33-2.01).

All cerebrovascular disease
(11,030 cases)

Cerebral haemorrhage
(4,773 cases)

Cerebral embolism and thrombosis
(4,084 cases)

RR = 1.05 (0.94-1.16) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption/week):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 1.05 (0.94-1.16).
≥ 4: RR = 1.05 (0.94-1.16).

RR = 1.08 (0.93-1.26) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption/week):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 1.06 (0.90-1.24).
≥ 4: RR = 1.08 (0.93-1.26).

RR = 0.98 (0.83-1.15) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption/week):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 1.06 (0.88-1.23).
≥ 4: RR = 0.98 (0.83-1.15).

Men:

Women:

HR = 1.10 (0.88-1.38) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.92 (0.74-1.15).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.10 (0.88-1.38).

HR = 0.89 (0.66-1.21) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.03 (0.78-1.35).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.89 (0.66-1.21).

Men:

Women:

HR = 0.88 (0.75-1.04) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.92 (0.79-1.07).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.88 (0.75-1.04).

HR = 0.98 (0.82-1.17) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.08 (0.92-1.28).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.98 (0.82-1.17).

Cardiovascular disease & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our
diet to heart disease and stroke.

Soy and cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of ourdiet to heart disease and stroke.

Soy and cardiovascular disease.

Relating various aspects of our
diet to heart disease and stroke.