Total fish consumption and coronary heart disease risk (CHD). Effect modification.
- Level of consumption: Effects probably differ between different levels of intake. For this analysis, four different levels of consumption were
considered, relative to nonconsumption: < 1, 1, 2, and ≥ 3 servings/week.
For CHD risk, data from 24 cohorts with 13,451 cases could be included (Table 1). Data from Hirayama T [10] was not included for reasons mentioned in the methods. And data from Gillum RF [17] could not be included because no amounts of cases were defined for the specified cohorts. Average RR's were identical for intakes < 1, and 1 serving/week (RR = 0.95). And RR's were similar for intakes 2, and ≥ 3 servings/week (RR = 0.89, and 0.90, respectively).
For CHD mortality, RRs were similar to the RR's for CHD for the highest levels of intake. RR = 1.00, 0.93, 0.90, and 0.90 for < 1, 1, 2, and ≥ 3 servings/wk, respectively.
For nonfatal MI, data from 7 cohorts, with 2,787 cases could be included (Table 3). RR's were similar for lower intakes (RR = 0.88, and 0.87 for < 1, and 1 serving/wk, respectively), and RR's were similar for higher intakes (RR = 0.80, and 0.78 for 2, and ≥ 3 servings/wk, respectively). - Gender: For CHD risk, effects did not consistently seem to differ between men and women (Table 4). Average RR's were 0.86, and 0.90 for men and women,
respectively. These became 0.90 and 0.84 after excluding the debatable results from Hirayama T [10]). For men, the effect size attenuated even further after including
data about coronary-artery bypass grafting (Ascherio A [14]) in the definition for CHD risk: RR = 0.95.
Other authors did not describe data stratified by gender, but stated that effects were similar for men and women (Norell SE [5], Mozaffarian D [24], de Goede J [34]. - Geographic area: For CHD risk, protective effects were stronger among Asian cohorts (8 cohorts: RR = 0.85), and US cohorts (11 cohorts: RR = 0.86), than among European cohorts (17 cohorts: RR = 0.95) (Tables 5-7).
- Serum cholesterol: In one cohort, risk seemed to increase (RR = 2.5) among subjects with hypercholesterolemia, while it seemed to decrease (RR = 0.7)
among subjects without hypercholesterolemia (Morris MC [15]). In another cohort, fish consumption seemed to increase risk among subjects with serum cholesterol levels > 7 mmol/L,
while consumption seemed to decrease risk among subjects with serum cholesterol levels < 5 mmol/L (Osler M [26]).
Authors from a third cohort stated that no significant inverse association was seen in any of the subgroups defined according to risk factors for CHD. These factors included a history of hypercholesterolemia. Subjects in all 3 cohorts mentioned, included men only.
Results from a fourth cohort, including men and women, showed that fish consumption decreased risk, regardless of serum cholesterol levels (Gartside PS [17]). - Other possible effect modifiers: No consistent effect modification was found by:
-age (Streppel MT [1], Daviglus ML [2], Vollset SE [3], Ascherio A [14], Morris MC [15], Gillum RF [17], Mozaffarian D [24], de Goede J [34]),
-smoking habits (Rodriguez BL [4], Feskens EJ [12], Ascherio A [14], Morris MC [15], Gartside PS [17], Mozaffarian D [24]),
-blood presssure (Feskens EJ [12], Ascherio A [14], Morris MC [15]),
-aspirin use (Hu FB 2002 [14], Morris MC [15]), or
-educational level (Gartside PS [17], Osler M [26]). - No effect modification was found by:
-alcohol consumption (Ascherio A [14], Morris MC [15], Gartside PS [17]),
-intakes of n-6 polyunsaturated fat (Mozaffarian D [14]), fish oil capsules (Bjerregaard LJ [34]), bread, cheese and dessert (Gartside PS [17]).
-BMI (Ascherio A [14], Gartside PS [17], Mozaffarian D [24]),
-race (Gillum RF [17]), family history of MI, profession (Ascherio A [14]), geographic region, or physical activity (Gartside PS [17]).
| Author | Cohort name | Cases | < 1 serving/week | 1 serving/week | 2 servings/week | ≥ 3 servings/week |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46) Manger MS (2010) | The WENBIT Study | 210 | HR = 1 | HR = 1 | HR = 1 | HR = 1.00 |
| 45) Tomasallo C (2010) | No cohort name defined | 34 captains, and 26 referents | Captains: HR = 1.48 Referents: HR = 0.74 | Captains: HR = 1.81 Referents: HR = 0.31 | Captains: HR = 1.81 Referents: HR = 0.31 | Captains: HR = 1.81 Referents: HR = 0.31 |
| 38) Kaushik S (2008) | The Blue Mountains Eye Study | 184 | HR = 1 | HR = 0.88 | HR = 0.91 | HR = 0.91 |
| 36) Yamagishi K (2008) | The JACC Study | 419 IHD, 107 cardiac arrest, and 307 heart failure | IHD: HR = 1 Cardiac arrest: HR = 1 Heart failure: HR = 1 | IHD: HR = 1 Cardiac arrest: HR = 1 Heart failure: HR = 1 | IHD: HR = 1.00 Cardiac arrest: HR = 1.22 Heart failure: HR = 0.92 | IHD: HR = 0.98 Cardiac arrest: HR = 1.04 Heart failure: HR = 0.70 |
| 34) de Goede J (2010) | The Dutch part of the EPIC Study | 82 CHD mortality, and 252 nonfatal MI | CHD mortality: HR = 0.81 Nonfatal MI: HR = 1.01 | CHD mortality: HR = 0.52 Nonfatal MI: HR = 1.01 | CHD mortality: HR = 0.52 Nonfatal MI: HR = 1.01 | CHD mortality: HR = 0.52 Nonfatal MI: HR = 1.01 |
| 34) Bjerregaard LJ (2010) | The Danish part of the EPIC Study | 854 men, and 268 women | Men: HR = 1 Women: HR = 1 | Men: HR = 1 Women: HR = 1 | Men: HR = 0.96 Women: HR = 1.06 | Men: HR = 0.94 Women: HR = 1.05 |
| 34) Buckland G (2009) | The Spanish part of the EPIC Study | 480 men, and 126 women | Men: HR = 1 Women: HR = 1 | Men: HR = 1 Women: HR = 1 | Men: HR = 1 Women: HR = 1 | Men: HR = 0.84 Women: HR = 0.95 |
| 33) Iso H (2006) | The JPHC Study | 258 | HR = 1 | HR = 1 | HR = 0.86 | HR = 0.82 |
| 32) Nakamura Y (2005) | The NIPPON DATA80 | 124 | RR = 1* | RR = 0.69 | RR = 0.69 | RR = 0.66 |
| 31) Ness AR (2005) | The Boyd Orr Cohort | 298 | RR = 1 | RR = 0.99 | RR = 1.18 | RR = 1.18 |
| 30) Chang-Claude J (2005) | The German Vegetarian Study | 60 | RR = 1.61 | RR = 2.11 | RR = 2.11 | RR = 2.11 |
| 29) Folsom AR (2004) | The Iowa Women's Health Study | 922 | RR = 1.06 | RR = 0.86 | RR = 0.75 | RR = 1.04 |
| 28) Erkkilä AT (2003) | The EUROASPIRE Study | 34 | RR = 1.00 | RR = 1.00 | RR = 1.00 | RR = 0.75 |
| 26) Osler M (2003) | No cohort name defined | 491 | HR = 0.92* | HR = 0.98 | HR = 0.91 | HR = 0.91 |
| 24) Mozaffarian D (2003) | The Cardiovascular Health Study | 247 IHD death, and 363 nonfatal MI | IHD death: HR = 0.89 Nonfatal MI: HR = 0.91 | IHD death: HR = 0.77 Nonfatal MI: HR = 0.71 | IHD death: HR = 0.53 Nonfatal MI: HR = 0.75 | IHD death: HR = 0.47 Nonfatal MI: HR = 0.67 |
| 22) Wennberg M (2011) | The NSHDS | 263 | OR = 0.88 | OR = 1.09 | OR = 1.09 | OR = 1.21 |
| 21) Whiteman D (1999) | The OXCHECK Study | 93 | RR = 1 | RR = 1.38 | RR = 1.38 | RR = 1.37 |
| 20) Mann JI (1997) | The Oxford Vegetarian Study | 64 | DRR = 121 | DRR = 123 | DRR = 123 | DRR = 123 |
| 19) Yuan JM (2001) | The Shanghai Cohort Study | 113 MI, and 74 other IHD | MI: RR = 1 Other IHD: RR = 1 | MI: RR = 1 Other IHD: RR = 1 | MI: RR = 0.54 Other IHD: RR = 1.08 | MI: RR = 0.56 Other IHD: RR = 0.84 |
| 15) Albert CM (1998) | The Physician's Health Study | 737 | RR = 0.96 | RR = 0.99 | RR = 1.03 | RR = 1.02 |
| 14) Bernstein AM (2010) | The Nurses' Health Study | 3,162 | RR = 0.88 | RR = 0.94 | RR = 0.79 | RR = 0.81 |
| 14) Ascherio A (1995) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study | 811 | RR = 0.66 | RR = 0.82 | RR = 0.69 | RR = 0.75 |
| 13) Järvinen R (2006) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Survey | 335 men, and 163 women | Men: RR = 1.04 Women: RR = 0.96 | Men: RR = 1.07 Women: RR = 0.91 | Men: RR = 1.09 Women: RR = 0.68 | Men: RR = 0.99 Women: RR = 0.59 |
| 8) Fraser GE (1992) | The Adventist Health Study | 134 nonfatal MI, and 463 CHD death | Nonfatal MI: RR = 1.11 CHD death: RR = 1.10 | Nonfatal MI: RR = 1.04 CHD death: RR = 1.09 | Nonfatal MI: RR = 1.04 CHD death: RR = 1.09 | Nonfatal MI: RR = 1.04 CHD death: RR = 1.09 |
| 2) Daviglus ML (1997) | The Western Electric Study | 430 | RR = 0.88 | RR = 0.88 | RR = 0.84 | RR = 0.62 |
| 1) Oomen CM (2000) | The Seven Countries Study | 463 | RR = 0.93 | RR = 0.93 | RR = 0.95 | RR = 1.08 |
| Total number of cases: 13.451 | Average RR = 0.95 | Average RR = 0.95 | Average RR = 0.89 | Average RR = 0.90 |
| Author | Cohort name | Cases | < 1 serving/week | 1 serving/week | 2 servings/week | ≥ 3 servings/week |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46) Manger MS (2010) | The WENBIT Study | 76 | HR = 1 | HR = 1 | HR = 1 | HR = 0.91 |
| 45) Tomasallo C (2010) | No cohort name defined | 34 captains, and 26 referents | Captains: HR = 1.48 Referents: HR = 0.74 | Captains: HR = 1.81 Referents: HR = 0.31 | Captains: HR = 1.81 Referents: HR = 0.31 | Captains: HR = 1.81 Referents: HR = 0.31 |
| 38) Kaushik S (2008) | The Blue Mountains Eye Study | 184 | HR = 1 | HR = 0.88 | HR = 0.91 | HR = 0.91 |
| 36) Yamagishi K (2008) | The JACC Study | 419 IHD, 107 cardiac arrest, and 307 heart failure | IHD: HR = 1 Cardiac arrest: HR = 1 Heart failure: HR = 1 | IHD: HR = 1 Cardiac arrest: HR = 1 Heart failure: HR = 1 | IHD: HR = 1.00 Cardiac arrest: HR = 1.22 Heart failure: HR = 0.92 | IHD: HR = 0.98 Cardiac arrest: HR = 1.04 Heart failure: HR = 0.70 |
| 34) de Goede J (2010) | The Dutch part of the EPIC Study | 82 | HR = 0.81 | HR = 0.52 | HR = 0.52 | HR = 0.52 |
| 33) Iso H (2006) | The JPHC Study | 62 | HR = 1 | HR = 1 | HR = 0.70 | HR = 0.98 |
| 32) Nakamura Y (2005) | The NIPPON DATA80 | 124 | RR = 1* | RR = 0.69 | RR = 0.69 | RR = 0.66 |
| 31) Ness AR (2005) | The Boyd Orr Cohort | 298 | RR = 1 | RR = 0.99 | RR = 1.18 | RR = 1.18 |
| 30) Chang-Claude J (2005) | The German Vegetarian Study | 60 | RR = 1.61 | RR = 2.11 | RR = 2.11 | RR = 2.11 |
| 29) Folsom AR (2004) | The Iowa Women's Health Study | 922 | RR = 1.06 | RR = 0.86 | RR = 0.75 | RR = 1.04 |
| 28) Erkkilä AT (2003) | The EUROASPIRE Study | 16 | RR = 1.59 | RR = 1.59 | RR = 1.59 | RR = 1.32 |
| 26) Osler M (2003) | No cohort name defined | 247 | HR = 0.95* | HR = 0.92 | HR = 0.90 | HR = 0.90 |
| 24) Mozaffarian D (2003) | The Cardiovascular Health Study | 247 | HR = 0.89 | HR = 0.77 | HR = 0.53 | HR = 0.47 |
| 21) Whiteman D (1999) | The OXCHECK Study | 93 | RR = 1 | RR = 1.38 | RR = 1.38 | RR = 1.37 |
| 20) Mann JI (1997) | The Oxford Vegetarian Study | 64 | DRR = 121 | DRR = 123 | DRR = 123 | DRR = 123 |
| 19) Yuan JM (2001) | The Shanghai Cohort Study | 113 MI, and 74 other IHD | MI: RR = 1 Other IHD: RR = 1 | MI: RR = 1 Other IHD: RR = 1 | MI: RR = 0.54 Other IHD: RR = 1.08 | MI: RR = 0.56 Other IHD: RR = 0.84 |
| 15) Albert CM (1998) | The Physician's Health Study | 308 | RR = 1.09 | RR = 0.82 | RR = 0.91 | RR = 0.86 |
| 14) Hu FB (2002) | The Nurses' Health Study | 484 | RR = 0.91 | RR = 0.66 | RR = 0.73 | RR = 0.64 |
| 14) Ascherio A (1995) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study | 264 | RR = 0.87 | RR = 0.86 | RR = 0.71 | RR = 0.67 |
| 13) Järvinen R (2006) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Survey | 335 men, and 163 women | Men: RR = 1.04 Women: RR = 0.96 | Men: RR = 1.07 Women: RR = 0.91 | Men: RR = 1.09 Women: RR = 0.68 | Men: RR = 0.99 Women: RR = 0.59 |
| 8) Fraser GE (1992) | The Adventist Health Study | 463 | RR = 1.1 | RR = 1.09 | RR = 1.09 | RR = 1.09 |
| 2) Daviglus ML (1997) | The Western Electric Study | 430 | RR = 0.88 | RR = 0.88 | RR = 0.84 | RR = 0.62 |
| 1) Oomen CM (2000) | The Seven Countries Study | 463 | RR = 0.93 | RR = 0.93 | RR = 0.95 | RR = 1.08 |
| Total number of cases: 6,465 | Average RR = 1.00 | Average RR = 0.93 | Average RR = 0.90 | Average RR = 0.90 |
| Author | Cohort name | Cases | < 1 serving/week | 1 serving/week | 2 servings/week | ≥ 3 servings/week |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 34) de Goede J (2010) | The Dutch part of The EPIC Study | 252 | HR = 1.01 | HR = 1.01 | HR = 1.01 | HR = 1.01 |
| 33) Iso H (2006) | The JPHC Study | 196 | HR = 1 | HR = 1 | HR = 0.89 | HR = 0.67 |
| 24) Mozaffarian D (2003) | The Cardiovascular Health Study | 363 | HR = 0.91 | HR = 0.71 | HR = 0.75 | HR = 0.67 |
| 15) Morris MC (1995) | The Physician's Health Study | 259 | RR = 1 | RR = 1.4 | RR = 1.2 | RR = 1 |
| 14) Hu FB (2002) | The Nurses' Health Study | 1,029 | RR = 0.89 | RR = 0.74 | RR = 0.68 | RR = 0.71 |
| 14) Ascherio A (1995) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study | 554 | RR = 0.62 | RR = 0.8 | RR = 0.67 | RR = 0.77 |
| 8) Fraser GE (1992) | The Adventist Health Study | 134 | RR = 1.11 | RR = 1.04 | RR = 1.04 | RR = 1.04 |
| Total number of cases: 2,787 | Average RR = 0.88 | Average RR = 0.87 | Average RR = 0.80 | Average RR = 0.78 |
| Author | Cohort name | Cases | Relative Risk among men | Relative Risk among women |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 44) Holmberg S (2009) | No cohort name defined | 138 | OR = 1.00 (0.49-2.06) | - |
| 36) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study | 617 men, and 406 women | HR = 0.99 (0.80-1.22) | HR = 0.79 (0.61-1.02; P = < 0.10) |
| 34) Bjerregaard LJ (2010) | The Danish part of the EPIC Study | 854 men, and 268 women | HR = 0.87 (0.69-1.10) | HR = 0.85 (0.55-1.32) |
| 34) Buckland G (2009) | The Spanish part of the EPIC Study | 480 men, and 126 women | HR = 0.78 (0.62-0.98; P = 0.04) | HR = 0.98 (0.63-1.52; P = 0.93) |
| 33) Iso H (2006) | The JPHC Study | not defined | HR = 0.53 (0.30-0.94) | - |
| 29) Folsom AR (2004) | The Iowa Women's Health Study | 922 | - | RR = 1.04 (0.80-1.34; P = 0.31) |
| 26) Osler M (2003) | No cohort name defined | 349 men, and 142 women | HR = 1.05 (0.73-1.51; P = 0.94) for the highest vs third quartile of consumption (RR reference group = 1.03) | HR = 0.64 (0.32-1.24; P = 0.21) for the highest vs third quartile of consumption (RR reference group = 1.02) |
| 23) Nagata C (2002) | The Takayama Study | 63 men, and 52 women | HR = 1.05 (0.56-1.97; P = 0.91) | HR = 0.73 (0.37-145; P = 0.37) |
| 19) Yuan JM (2001) | The Shanghai Cohort Study | 113 MI, and 74 other IHD | MI: RR = 0.35 (0.17-0.72; P = 0.02). Other IHD: RR = 0.92 (0.41-2.06; P = 0.34). | - |
| 18) Pietinen P (1997) | The ATBC Study | 635 | RR = 1.12 (0.87-1.45; P = 0.09) | - |
| 17) Gillum RF (2000) | The NHANES I Study | Not defined (2,007 total) | White men: RR = 0.86 (0.65-1.13). Black men: RR = 1.05 (0.50-2.19). | White women: RR = 0.97 (0.74-1.28). Black women: RR = 0.90 (0.51-1.60). |
| 16) Soinio M (2003) | No cohort name defined | 74 men, and 43 women | No significant association | No significant association |
| 15) Albert CM (1998) | The Physician's Health Study | 737 | RR = 1.00 (0.62-1.60; P = 0.67) | - |
| 14) Bernstein AM (2010) | The Nurses' Health Study | 3,162 | - | RR = 0.81 (0.72-0.90; P = < 0.001) |
| 14) Ascherio A (1995) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study | 811 | RR = 0.90 (0.63-1.28; P = 0.70) | - |
| 13) Järvinen R (2006) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Survey | 335 men, and 163 women | RR = 1.00 (0.70-1.43; P = 0.83) | RR = 0.59 (0.36-0.99; P = 0.02) |
| 12) Kromhout D (1995) | No cohort name defined | not defined | RR = 0.41 (0.20-0.86) | RR = 0.64 (0.25-1.63) |
| 11) Dolecek TA (1992) | The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial | 175 | RR = 0.61 (P = < 0.05) | - |
| 10) Hirayama T (1990) | No cohort name defined | IHD: 2,170 men, and 1,378 women. Hypertensive heart disease: 559 men, and 613 women. Other heart disease: not defined | IHD: RR = 1.20 (0.76-1.90). Hypertensive heart disease: RR = 2.14 (1.07-4.27). Other heart disease: RR = 1.02 (0.60-1.75). All RR's are for low vs high consumption. | IHD: RR = 1.49 (1.02-2.19). Hypertensive heart disease: RR = 0.52 (0.20-1.31). Other heart disease: RR = 1.36 (0.97-1.92). All RR's are for low vs high consumption. |
| 8) Fraser GE (1997) | The Aventist Health Study | 110 men, and 254 women | HR = 0.68 (0.25-1.83) | HR = 0.82 (0.45-1.52) |
| 6) Lapidus L (1986) | No cohort name defined | 23 | - | No significant association |
| 4) Rodriguez BL (1996) | The Honolulu Heart Program | not defined | No significant association | - |
| 3) Vollset SE (1985) | No cohort name defined | 967 | No significant association (P = 0.93) | - |
| 2) Daviglus ML (1997) | The Western Electric Study | 430 | RR = 0.62 (0.40-0.94; P = 0.04) | - |
| 1) Streppel MT (2008) | The Dutch part of the Seven Countries Study | 336 | HR = 0.73 (0.47-1.13; P = 0.16) | - |
| 1) Oomen CM (2000) | The Finnish & Italian part of the Seven Countries Study | 242 Finland, and 116 Italy | Finland: RR = 1.25 (0.89-1.76; P = 0.20). Italy: RR = 0.67 (0.33-1.39; P = 0.33). | - |
| Total number of cases: 10,385 men, and 7,552 women | Average RR = 0.86 | Average RR = 0.90 | ||
| Excluding data from Hirayama T [10]. | Total number of cases: 6,615 men, and 5,495 women | Average RR = 0.90 | Average RR = 0.84 | |
| Excluding data from Hirayama T [10]. And including coronary-bypass artery grafting as CHD (Ascherio A [14]) | Total number of cases: 7,347 men | Average RR = 0.95 | - |
| Author | Cohort name | Cases | End point | Relative Risk (RR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 45) Tomasallo C (2010) | No cohort name defined | 34 captains, and 26 referents | Mortality | Captains: HR = 1.81 (0.53-6.16). Referents: HR = 0.31 (0.10-0.96; P = < 0.05) |
| 29) Folsom AR (2004) | The Iowa Women's Health Study | 922 | Mortality | RR = 1.04 (0.80-1.34; P = 0.31) |
| 24) Mozaffarian D (2003) | The Cardiovascular Health Study | 247 IHD death, and 363 nonfatal MI | Risk | IHD death: HR = 0.47 (0.27-0.82; P = 0.002). Nonfatal MI: HR = 0.67 (0.42-1.07; P = 0.10). |
| 17) Gillum RF (2000) | The NHANES I Study | Not defined (2,007 total) | Risk | White men: RR = 0.86 (0.65-1.13). Black men: RR = 1.05 (0.50-2.19). White women: RR = 0.97 (0.74-1.28). Black women: RR = 0.90 (0.51-1.60). |
| 15) Albert CM (1998) | The Physician's Health Study | 737 | Risk | RR = 1.00 (0.62-1.60; P = 0.67) |
| 14) Bernstein AM (2010) | The Nurses' Health Study | 3,162 | Risk | RR = 0.81 (0.72-0.90; P = < 0.001) |
| 14) Ascherio A (1995) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study | 811 | Risk | RR = 0.90 (0.63-1.28; P = 0.70) |
| 11) Dolecek TA (1992) | The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial | 175 | Mortality | RR = 0.61 (P = < 0.05) |
| 8) Fraser GE (1992) | The Adventist Health Study | 134 nonfatal MI, and 463 CHD death | Risk | Nonfatal MI: RR = 1.04 (0.55-1.96). CHD death: RR = 1.09 (0.73-1.61). |
| 4) Rodriguez BL (1996) | The Honolulu Heart Program | not defined | Risk | No significant association |
| 2) Daviglus ML (1997) | The Western Electric Study | 430 | Mortality | RR = 0.62 (0.40-0.94; P = 0.04) |
| Total number of cases: 9,511 | Average RR = 0.86 |
| Author | Cohort name | Cases | End point | Relative Risk (RR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46) Manger MS (2010) | The WENBIT Study | 210 | Risk | HR = 0.93 (0.63-1.40; P = 0.72) |
| 44) Holmberg S (2009) | No cohort name defined | 138 | Risk | OR = 1.00 (0.49-2.06) |
| 34) de Goede J (2010) | The Dutch part of the EPIC Study | 82 CHD mortality, and 252 nonfatal MI | Risk | CHD mortality: HR = 0.52 (0.28-0.95; P = 0.02). Nonfatal MI: HR = 1.01 (0.71-145; P= 0.14). |
| 34) Bjerregaard LJ (2010) | The Danish part of the EPIC Study | 854 men, and 268 women | Risk | Men: HR = 0.87 (0.69-1.10). Women: HR = 0.85 (0.55-1.32). |
| 34) Buckland G (2009) | The Spanish part of the EPIC Study | 606 | Risk | HR = 0.83 (0.68-1.02; P = 0.82) |
| 31) Ness AR (2005) | The Boyd Orr Cohort | 298 | Mortality | RR = 1.18 (0.80-1.76; P = 0.6) |
| 30) Chang-Claude J (2005) | The German Vegetarian Study | 60 | Mortality | RR = 2.11 (1.13-3.96; P = 0.03) |
| 28) Erkkilä AT (2003) | The EUROASPIRE Study | 34 | Risk | RR = 0.49 (0.17-1.41; P = 0.21) |
| 26) Osler M (2003) | No cohort name defined | 491 | Risk | HR = 0.93 (0.68-1.27; P = 0.55) |
| 22) Wennberg M (2011) | The NSHDS | 263 | Risk | OR = 1.21 (0.43-3.33; P = 0.52) |
| 21) Whiteman D (1999) | The OXCHECK Study | 93 | Mortality | RR = 1.36 (0.57-3.25) |
| 20) Mann JI (1997) | The Oxford Vegetarian Study | 64 | Mortality | DRR = 123 (70-217; P = NS) |
| 18) Pietinen P (1997) | The ATBC Study | 635 | Mortality | RR = 1.12 (0.87-1.45; P = 0.09) |
| 16) Soinio M (2003) | No cohort name defined | 117 | Risk | No significant association |
| 13) Järvinen R (2006) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Survey | 335 men, and 163 women | Mortality | Men: RR = 1.00 (0.70-1.43; P = 0.83). Women: RR = 0.59 (0.36-0.99; P = 0.02). |
| 12) Kromhout D (1995) | No cohort name defined | 58 | Mortality | RR = 0.51 (0.29-0.89) |
| 5) Norell SE (1986) | The Cohort of Swedish Twins | 800 | Mortality | RR = 0.85 (0.69-1.06) |
| 3) Vollset SE (1985) | No cohort name defined | 967 | Mortality | No significant association (P = 0.93) |
| 1) Streppel MT (2008) | The Dutch part of the Seven Countries Study | 336 | Mortality | HR = 0.73 (0.47-1.13; P = 0.16) |
| 1) Oomen CM (2000) | The Finnish & Italian part of the Seven Countries Study | 242 Finland, and 116 Italy | Mortality | Finland: RR = 1.25 (0.89-1.76; P = 0.20). Italy: RR = 0.67 (0.33-1.39; P = 0.33). |
| Total number of cases: 7,482 | Average RR = 0.95 |
| Author | Cohort name | Cases | End point | Relative Risk (RR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 36) Yamagishi K (2008) | The JACC Study | 419 IHD, 107 cardiac arrest, and 307 heart failure | Mortality | IHD: HR = 0.86 (0.62-1.19; P = 0.41). Cardiac arrest: HR = 0.73 (0.36-1.46; P = 0.16). Heart failure: HR = 0.76 (0.53-1.07; P = 0.10). |
| 33) Iso H (2006) | The JPHC Study | 258 | Risk | HR = 0.63 (0.38-1.04; P = 0.25) |
| 32) Nakamura Y (2005) | The NIPPON DATA80 | 124 | Mortality | RR = 0.86 (0.33-2.23; P = 0.51) for the highest vs second quintile of consumption |
| 23) Nagata C (2002) | The Takayama Study | 63 men, and 52 women | Mortality | Men: HR = 1.05 (0.56-1.97; P = 0.91). Women: HR = 0.73 (0.37-145; P = 0.37). |
| 19) Yuan JM (2001) | The Shanghai Cohort Study | 113 MI, and 74 other IHD | Mortality | MI: RR = 0.35 (0.17-0.72; P = 0.02). Other IHD: RR = 0.92 (0.41-2.06; P = 0.34). |
| 10) Hirayama T (1990) | No cohort name defined | IHD: 2,170 men, and 1,378 women. Hypertensive heart disease: 559 men, and 613 women. Rheumatic heart disease: 364. Other heart disease: not defined | Mortality | IHD: RR's for low vs high consumption are 1.20 (0.76-1.90) for men, and 1.49 (1.02-2.19) for women. Hypertensive heart disease: RR's for low vs high consumption are 2.14 (1.07-4.27) for men, and 0.52 (0.20-1.31) for women. Rheumatic heart disease: RR = 0.95 (0.79-1.14). Other heart disease: RR's for low vs high consumption are 1.02 (0.60-1.75) for men, and 1.36 (0.97-1.92) for women. |
| 7) Tanaka H (1987) | The Shibata Study | not defined | Risk | RR = 1.23 |
| 6) Lapidus L (1986) | No cohort name defined | 23 | Risk | No significant association |
| Total number of cases: 6,624 | Average RR = 0.85 |