| 21) Yen AM (2008) | The KCIS Study | 21,906 male subjects aged 20-79 from Keelung, and free of CVD.
(Taiwan) | 2.81
(1999-2004 to 2004) | 3,163 | CVD incidence (hypertensive heart disease, IHD, cardiomyopathy, arrhytmia, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, diseases of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries) | Meat (not defined) | HR = 0.98 (0.94-1.01; P = 0.2035) | Age and education level. |
| 16) Key TJ (2009) | The EPIC-Oxford Study | 47,254 participants aged 20-89 without MI, stroke, or malignant cancer (including surviving participants in the Oxford Vegetarian Study).
(UK) | 1993-99 to 2007 | 479 | Death from circulatory diseases | Vegetarianism |
DRR = 0.97 (0.78-1.21) for vegetarian vs nonvegetarian.
Fish eater
(361 cases): | Vegetarian or vegan
(431 cases): |
| DRR = 0.88 (0.64-1.19) for fish eaters (eating fish, but not meat) vs meat eaters.
|
DRR = 0.95 (0.75-1.19) for vegetarians (not eating fish) or vegans vs meat eaters.
|
No significant effect modification by sex was found (results not shown).Age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption. |
| 16) Key TJ (2003) | The EPIC-Oxford Study | 46,562 participants aged 20-89. | 5.9
(1993-99 to 2002) | 176 | Death from circulatory diseases | Vegetarian status (not defined) | DRR = 0.93 (0.63-1.32) for vegetarians vs nonvegetarians. | Age, sex, and smoking. |
| 13) Jamrozik K (2000) | The Perth Community Stroke Study | 787 controls from a previous case-control analysis with or without a history of CVD.
(Australia) | 4
(1990-91 to 1994) | See variables | Vascular disease | Meat (not defined) |
Death from any vascular event
(acute MI, IHD, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, aortic aneurysm, and mesenteric thrombosis)
(96? cases) | Major vascular events
(fatal vascular events and nonfatal AMI or stroke)
(126? cases) | First vascular event
(83? cases) |
| HR = 0.62 (0.39-0.97) for eating meat > 4 vs ≤ 4 times/week.
|
HR = 0.60 (0.40-0.90) for eating meat > 4 vs ≤ 4 times/week.
|
HR = 0.56 (0.35-0.89) for eating meat > 4 vs ≤ 4 times/week.
|
Sex and age. |
| 8) Appleby PN (2002) | The Oxford Vegetarian Study | 11,045 subjects aged 16-89.
(UK) | 1980-84 to 2000 | 469 | Death from circulatory diseases | Vegetarianism (not eating meat or fish) | DRR = 0.93 (0.77-1.12) for vegetarians vs nonvegetarians.
After additional adjustment for pre-existing diseases: DRR = 0.97 (0.80-1.17). | Age at entry, sex and smoking. |
| 8) Appleby PN (2002) | The Health Food Shoppers Study | 10,736 subjects aged 16-89.
(UK) | 1973-79 to 1997 | 1,117 | Death from circulatory diseases | Vegetarianism (not defined) | DRR = 0.95 (0.84-1.07) for vegetarians vs nonvegetarians. | Age at entry, sex and smoking. |
| 4) Chang-Claude J (2005) | The German Vegetarian Study | 1,724 vegetarians and health conscious persons. | 21
(1978-1999) | 219 | Circulatory disease mortality | Meat (not defined) |
RR = 2.02 (0.91-4.44; P = 0.08) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
Never: RR = 1.
≤ once a month: RR = 1.01 (0.67-1.52).
> once a month: RR = 1.39 (0.86-2.25).
≥ 3 times/wk: RR = 2.02 (0.91-4.44). | Age, gender, smoking, level of activity, alcohol consumption, BMI, and education. |
| 4) Chang-Claude J (2005) | The German Vegetarian Study | 1,724 vegetarians and health conscious persons. | 21
(1978-1999) | 219 | Circulatory disease mortality | Meat products (not defined) |
RR = 2.38 (0.94-6.05; P = 0.27) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
Never: RR = 1.
≤ once a month: RR = 1.07 (0.73-1.56).
> once a month: RR = 2.38 (0.94-6.05). | Age, gender, smoking, level of activity, alcohol consumption, BMI, and education. |
| 4) Chang-Claude J (2005) | The German Vegetarian Study | 1,724 vegetarians and health conscious persons. | 21
(1978-1999) | 219 | Circulatory disease mortality | Vegetarianism | RR = 0.83 (0.62-1.12) for vegetarianism vs nonvegetarianism | Age, gender, smoking, level of activity, alcohol consumption, BMI, and education. |
| 4) Chang-Claude J (1993) | No cohort name defined | 1904 subjects (858 men and 1,046 women).
(Germany) | 11
(1978-1989) | ? | CVD death | Vegetarianism (94% were lacto- or ovolacto vegetarians) |
| Duration of vegetarianism: | Adherence to vegetarianism: |
| RR = 0.81 (0.45-1.44) for ≥ 20 vs < 20 years.
|
RR = 1.04 (0.70-1.56) for moderate- vs strict vegetarianism.
|
Moderate vegetarianism = occasional consumption of fish or meat.Unadjusted. |
| 4) Frentzel-Beyme R (1988) | No cohort name defined | 1,904 subjects (858 men, and 1,046 women) aged ≥ 10.
(Germany) | 5
(1978-1983) | 20 men, and
16 women | Mortality from diseases of the circulatory system | Vegetarianism |
| Men: | Women: |
| RR = 0.5 (0.2-1.3) for strict vs moderate vegetarianism.
|
RR = 2.1 (0.6-7.5) for strict vs moderate vegetarianism.
|
Moderate vegetarianism = occasional consumption of fish or meat.Age-standardized. |
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