| 36) Takachi R (2008) | The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC). | 77,891 subjects (35,909 men 41,982 and women) aged 45-74.
(Japan) | 5.8
(1995-1998 to 2002) | 1,386 (227 myocardial infarction, 1,159 stroke) | Risk of cardiovascular disease | Vegetables (defined as: 6 pickled vegetables [Chinese radishes, green leafy vegetables, plums, Chinese cabbage, cucumbers, and eggplant], 7 cruciferous vegetables [cabbage, Chinese radishes, komatsuna, broccoli, Chinese cabbage, leaf mustard, and chard or Swiss chard], 6 green leafy vegetables [spinach, Chinese chives, garland chrysanthemums, chingensai, mugwort, and green pepper], 4 yellow vegetables [carrots, tomatoes, pumpkins, and tomato juice], and 7 other vegetables [onions, cucumbers, bean sprouts, snap beans, lettuce, bitter gourds, and loofah]) |
CVD risk stratified by gender
Men & Women
(1,386 cases) | Men
(830 cases) | Women
(556 cases) |
HR = 0.97 (0.82-1.15; P = 0.66) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (Not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 0.97 (0.83-1.13).
Q3: HR = 0.89 (0.75-1.05).
Q4: HR = 0.97 (0.82-1.15).
HR for the highest vs lowest decile of consumption:
HR = 0.87 (0.68-1.13; P = 0.44). |
HR = 1.03 (0.83-1.29; P = 0.88) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (Not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 0.97 (0.80-1.16).
Q3: HR = 0.93 (0.76-1.14).
Q4: HR = 1.03 (0.83-1.29). |
HR = 0.88 (0.67-1.15; P = 0.42) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (Not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 0.93 (0.69-1.24).
Q3: HR = 0.80 (0.60-1.06).
Q4: HR = 0.88 (0.67-1.15). |
CVD risk stratified by smoking status
Ever smoker
(649 cases) | Nonsmoker
(689 cases) |
HR = 0.96 (0.75-1.23; P = 0.80) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (Not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 0.92 (0.75-1.14).
Q3: HR = 0.96 (0.77-1.20).
Q4: HR = 0.96 (0.75-1.23). |
HR = 0.98 (0.77-1.23; P = 0.76) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (Not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 1.02 (0.81-1.29).
Q3: HR = 0.83 (0.65-1.06).
Q4: HR = 0.98 (0.77-1.23). |
Stratified analyses by cohort (cohort I or II), BMI, age, and alcohol intake (< 150 vs > or = 150 g ethanol/wk) showed similar results.age, public health center area, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy, screening examination, medication, and daily vitamin supplement use. |
| 21) Liu S (2000) | The Women's Health Study. | 39,876 female health professionals.
(USA) | 5
(1993-1999) | All cases: 418.
Excluding women with self-reported disease: 110. | Cardiovascular disease risk | All vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, carrots, yellow squash, yams, and sweet potatoes, tomatoes, spinach, kale, lettuce, legumes, corn, mixed vegetables, celery, eggplant, mushrooms, and beet) |
| All women: | Excluding women with self-reported diabetes, history of hypertension, or history of high cholesterol at baseline: |
RR = 0.85 (0.61-1.19; P = 0.21) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median servings/d):
1.5: RR = 1.
2.5: RR = 1.07 (0.78-1.46).
3.4: RR = 0.83 (0.59-1.16).
4.6: RR = 0.91 (0.66-1.27).
6.9: RR = 0.85 (0.61-1.19).
|
RR = 0.45 (0.24-0.89; P = 0.11) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median servings/d):
1.5: RR = 1.
2.5: RR = 0.63 (0.35-1.14).
3.4: RR = 0.59 (0.33-1.09).
4.5: RR = 0.96 (0.54-1.61).
6.8: RR = 0.45 (0.24-0.89).
|
Age, smoking, exercise, alcohol use, postmenopausal hormone use, BMI, multivitamin use, vitamin C supplement use, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of cholesterol, and parental history of MI. |
| 10) Joshipura KJ (2009) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professional's Follow-up Study | 70,870 women aged 38-63, and 38,918 men aged 40-75. Subjects were without cancer, diabetes or CVD. | Men: 14 (1986-2000).
Women: 16 (1984-2000) | 2,040? men, and
1,852? women | Ischaemic CVD incidence (fatal and non-fatal MI and ischaemic stroke) | Total vegetables (not defined, but excluding potatoes, tofu and soyabeans, dried beans and lentils, chili sauce, and garlic) |
Highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Stratified by energy from carbohydrate intake:
| < 40% | 40-55% | > 55% |
Men: RR = 0.81
Women: RR = 0.94
Men & women: RR = 0.86 (0.67-1.12)
|
Men: RR = 0.95
Women: RR = 0.91
Men & women: RR = 0.93 (0.81-1.07)
|
Men: RR = 1.04
Women: RR = 0.89
Men & women: RR = 0.96 (0.74-1.25)
|
Per increment of 3 servings/d.
Stratified by energy from carbohydrate intake:
| < 40% | 40-55% | > 55% |
Men: RR = 0.75
Women: RR = 0.91
Men & women: RR = 0.82 (0.68-0.99; P = 0.04)
|
Men: RR = 0.94
Women: RR = 1.01
Men & women: RR = 0.97 (0.88-1.06)
|
Men: RR = 1.05
Women: RR = 0.92
Men & women: RR = 0.99 (0.84-1.17)
|
Effect modification: All associations were generally attenuated among the multivitamin supplement users (data not shown).Total energy, whole grains, age, smoking, alcohol, BMI, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, aspirin use, physical activity, family history of MI, history of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and incident diabetes, and menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy. |
| 10) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and
37,725 men (aged 40-75).
(USA) | 14
(1984-1998)
(women), and
12
(1986-1998)
(men) | 1964? women, and
1670? men.
1314 never smokers, 1513 past smokers, and 988 current smokers.
1625 non-vitamin supplement users, and 1444 vitamin supplement users. | Cardiovascular disease risk | All vegetables (tomatoes, tomato sauce, string beans, broccoli, cabbage or coleslaw, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, carrots, corn, peas or lima beans, mixed vegetables, yellow [winter] squash, eggplant, zucchini, or other summer squash, yams or sweet potatoes, spinach, kale, mustard, or chard greens, iceberg or head lettuce, romaine or leaf lettuce, celery, mushrooms, beets, alfalfa sprouts, garlic, green or chili peppers, potatoes, artichokes, asparagus, avocado, bean sprouts, chicory, chili peppers, daikon radish, endive, escarole, jerusalem artichokes, turnips, kohlrabi, leeks, okra, oriental vegetables, parsley, parsnips, peapods, radishes, rhubarb, rutabagas, scallions, and water chestnuts) |
Stratified by sex:
| Men + women | Men | Women |
| A significant inverse association: RR = 0.93 (0.86-1.00; No P-value). |
RR = 0.92 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
RR = 0.93 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
Stratified by smoking status (men and women combined):
| Never | Past | Current |
| RR = 0.90 (0.77-1.06; No P-value). | RR = 0.97 (0.85-1.11; No P-value). | RR = 0.87 (0.75-1.01; No P-value). |
Stratified by multivitamin use (men and women combined):
| Non-vitamin use | Multivitamin use |
| RR = 0.86 (0.76-0.96; No P-value). | RR = 1.00 (0.82-1.22; No P-value). |
All RRs are for an increment of 3 servings/day.Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
CVD death:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 37) Nagura J (2009) | The JACC Study | 25,206 men and 34,279 women aged 40-79, and without a history of CHD, stroke, or cancer.
(Japan) | 12.7
(1989-2003) | 2,243 | Total CVD mortality | Vegetables (spinach or garland chrysanthemum; carrot or pumpkin; tomatoes; cabbage or head lettuce; and Chinese cabbage) |
HR = 0.96 (0.84-1.10; P = 0.835) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per week):
1.2: HR = 1.
2.3: HR = 0.93 (0.82-1.05).
3.4: HR = 0.95 (0.83-1.08).
5.2: HR = 0.96 (0.84-1.10).
The association did not vary by sex (no data shown). | Sex, age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, hours of walking, hours of sleep, education years, perceived mental stress, cholesterol intake, SFA intake, n-3 fatty acids intake, sodium intake, fruit intake, bean intake and histories of hypertension and diabetes. |
| 33) Chang-Claude J (2005) | The German Vegetarian Study | 1,724 vegetarians and health conscious persons. | 21
(1978-1999) | 219? | Circulatory disease mortality | Vegetables (not defined) | Frequency of consumption did not show an appreciable effect on mortality (no data shown). | Age, gender, smoking, level of activity, alcohol consumption, vegetarianism, BMI, and education. |
| 26) Nöthlings U (2008) | The EPIC Study. | 10,449 participants - aged 35 to 70- with self-reported diabetes mellitus.
(10 European Countries) | 9
(1992-2000 to 2007) | 517? | CVD mortality | Vegetables (not defined) | RR = 0.85 (0.68-1.07) for an increase of 80 g/d. | Stratified on age.
Adusted for sex, smoking status, self-reported heart attack at baseline, self-reported hypertension at baseline, self-reported cancer at baseline, waist-to-hip ratio, insulin treatment, age at diabetes diagnosis, energy intake, alcohol intake. |
| 24) Nakamura K (2008) | The Takayama Study. | 13,355 men and 15,724 women aged ≥ 35.
(Japan) | 7
(1992-1999) | 200 men, and 184 women | CVD mortality | Total vegetable (cucumber, tomato, lettuce, celery, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, green vegetables [including spinach and pepper], carrot, pumpkin, mountain plant, Japanese radish, legumes, and other vegetables [including eggplant and onion]. Excluding soy |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 0.81 (0.49-1.34; P = 0.47) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data in servings/d (g/d):
2.2 (176.4): HR = 1.
3.4 (263.7): HR = 0.68 (0.42-1.09).
4.6 (360.1): HR = 0.83 (0.52-1.32).
7.1 (553.6): HR = 0.81 (0.49-1.34).
Stratified according to tobacco use, vegetable intake was somewhat more inversely associated with CVD mortality in men who had never smoked (HRs for increasing quartiles 1, 0.48 [0.13-1.73], 0.91 [0.32-2.65], and 1.19 [0.62-3.59]), after excluding CVD deaths during the first 2 y of follow-up. In smokers corresponding values were (HRs for increasing quartiles 1, 0.89 [0.48-1.63], 1.14 [0.65-2.00], and 1.24 [0.73-2.11]. However, the interaction was not significant (P = 0.53).
Stratified according to age, the HRs for the highest vs lowest quartiles were 0.45 (0.16-1.23) in younger men (< 60 y), and 1.16 (0.74-1.83) in older men (≥ 60 y).
|
HR = 0.62 (0.36-1.08; P = 0.007) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data in servings/d (g/d):
2.5 (195.5): HR = 1.
3.6 (281.1): HR = 0.80 (0.50-1.28).
4.8 (375.6): HR = 0.76 (0.47-1.25).
7.4 (573.9): HR = 0.62 (0.36-1.08).
Stratified according to age HRs for the highest vs lowest quartile of vegetable intake were 0.34 (0.06-1.55) for younger women (< 60 y), and 0.65 (0.40-1.05) for older women (≥ 60 y).
|
The serving size was determined as 77 g.
Age, total energy, marital status, years of education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, exercise, history of hypertension or diabetes mellitus, menopausal status, total protein, saturated fat, and sodium intake. |
| 2) Vollset SE (1983) | No cohort name. | 16,713 Norwegian postal dietary survery respondents. | 11.5
(1967-?) | 438? | CVD mortality | Vegetables (not defined, but excluding potatoes) | A negative association (no data shown). | Not defined, but possiby sex, age, region, and urbanisation. |
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