| 22) Liu S (2001) | The Physician's Health Study. | 15,220 male physicians aged 40-84.
(USA) | 12
(1982-1995) | Total CHD: 1,148.
MI: 387.
CABG/PTCA: 761.
Stratified by possible confounders: No data shown. | Risk of CHD,
MI (Myocardial infarction), and
CABG/PTCA (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting/Percutaneous-Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty) | Vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, carrots, spinach [cooked], spinach/dark green lettuce salad, yellow squash, tomatoes, and tomato juice) |
| Total CHD (MI + CABG/PTCA): | MI: | CABG/PTCA:) |
RR = 0.77 (0.60-0.98; P = 0.03) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-1.49: RR = 0.99 (0.85-1.15).
1.5-1.99: RR = 0.93 (0.78-1.12).
2-2.49: RR = 0.89 (0.71-1.10).
≥ 2.5: RR = 0.77 (0.60-0.98).
|
RR = 0.81 (0.59-1.31; P = 0.24) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-1.49: RR = 1.05 (0.84-1.31).
1.5-1.99: RR = 0.90 (0.59-1.16).
2-2.49: RR = 0.98 (0.67-1.43).
≥ 2.5: RR = 0.81 (0.59-1.31).
|
RR = 0.70 (0.51-0.95; P = 0.03) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-1.49: RR = 0.94 (0.78-1.14).
1.5-1.99: RR = 0.99 (0.79-1.23).
2-2.49: RR = 0.88 (0.67-1.16).
≥ 2.5: RR = 0.70 (0.51-0.95).
|
The inverse association between vegetable intake and CHD risk appeared more evident among men with a BMI ≥ 25 and among current smokers. The inverse relation did not differ according to beta-carotene treatment status.
Total CHD
| Current smokers: | BMI ≥ 25: |
RR = 0.41 (0.18-0.97; P = 0.06) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-1.49: RR = 1.03 (0.69-1.55).
1.5-1.99: RR = 1.06 (0.65-1.73).
2-2.49: RR = 0.75 (0.39-1.44).
≥ 2.5: RR = 0.41 (0.18-0.97).
|
RR = 0.74 (0.53-1.03; P = 0.07) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-1.49: RR = 1.07 (0.86-1.32).
1.5-1.99: RR = 0.93 (0.72-1.20).
2-2.49: RR = 0.91 (0.67-1.23).
≥ 2.5: RR = 0.74 (0.53-1.03).
|
Age, treatment (aspirin + beta-carotene), cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, BMI, history of diabetes mellitus, history of high cholesterol, history of hypertension, and use of multivitamins. |
| 10) Joshipura KJ (2009) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professional's Follow-up Study | 70,870 women aged 38-63, and 38,918 men aged 40-75. Subjects were without cancer, diabetes or CVD. | Men: 14 (1986-2000).
Women: 16 (1984-2000) | 2,040? men, and
1,852? women | Ischaemic CVD incidence (fatal and non-fatal MI and ischaemic stroke) | Carotene-rich fruits and vegetables (cantaloupe, watermelon, grapefruit, broccoli, carrots, mixed vegetables, yellow squash, yams or sweet potatoes, cooked or raw spinach, kale, mustard or chard greens, romaine or leaf lettuce, tomatoes, tomato juice or sauce) |
Highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Stratified by energy from carbohydrate intake:
| < 40% | 40-55% | > 55% |
Men: RR = 0.86
Women: RR = 0.95
Men & women: RR = 0.90 (0.69-1.17)
|
Men: RR = 0.97
Women: RR = 0.90
Men & women: RR = 0.94 (0.82-1.07)
|
Men: RR = 0.86
Women: RR = 0.82
Men & women: RR = 0.84 (0.65-1.08)
|
Per increment of 1 serving/d.
Stratified by energy from carbohydrate intake:
| < 40% | 40-55% | > 55% |
Men: RR = 0.89
Women: RR = 0.92
Men & women: RR = 0.90 (0.81-0.99; P = 0.04)
|
Men: RR = 0.96
Women: RR = 0.96
Men & women: RR = 0.96 (0.91-1.01)
|
Men: RR = 0.99
Women: RR = 0.96
Men & women: RR = 0.98 (0.89-1.07)
|
Effect modification: All associations were generally attenuated among the multivitamin supplement users (data not shown).Total energy, whole grains, age, smoking, alcohol, BMI, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, aspirin use, physical activity, family history of MI, history of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and incident diabetes, and menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy. |
| 9) Gaziano JM (1995) | The Massachusetts Health Care Panel Study. | 1,273 subjects aged ≥ 66. | 4.75 (1976-1980) | Cardiovascular death: 161?
MI death: 48?
Other CVD death: 113? | Cardiovascular death | Vegetables and fruits high in beta-carotene (carrots and squash; tomatoes; salads and green leafy vegetables [spinach, greens]; dried fruits [apricots, prunes, and raisins]; fresh strawberries and melons; broccoli and Brussels sprouts) |
| Total CVC death: | Fatal MI: | Other CVD death: |
RR = 0.59 (0.37-0.94; P = 0.014) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/d):
< 0.8: RR = 1.
0.8-1.4: RR = 0.77 (0.51-1.16).
1.4-< 2.05: RR = 0.63 (0.40-0.99).
≥ 2.05: RR = 0.59 (0.37-0.94).
|
RR = 0.27 (0.10-0.74; P = 0.005) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/d):
< 0.8: RR = 1.
0.8-1.4: RR = 0.71 (0.35-1.43).
1.4-< 2.05: RR = 0.49 (0.22-1.10).
≥ 2.05: RR = 0.27 (0.10-0.74).
|
RR = 0.73 (0.43-1.27; P = 0.200) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/d):
< 0.8: RR = 1.
0.8-1.4: RR = 0.77 (0.46-1.30).
1.4-< 2.05: RR = 0.68 (0.39-1.18).
≥ 2.05: RR = 0.73 (0.43-1.27).
|
Age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, cholesterol intake, and functional status. |
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