| 10) Joshipura KJ (2009) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professional's Follow-up Study | 70,870 women aged 38-63, and 38,918 men aged 40-75. Subjects were without cancer, diabetes or CVD. | Men: 14 (1986-2000).
Women: 16 (1984-2000) | 2,040? men, and
1,852? women | Ischaemic CVD incidence (fatal and non-fatal MI and ischaemic stroke) | Vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables (not defined, but including foods containing > 30 mg vitamin C/serving) |
Highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Stratified by energy from carbohydrate intake:
| < 40% | 40-55% | > 55% |
Men: RR = 0.89
Women: RR = 0.93
Men & women: RR = 0.91 (0.68-1.21)
|
Men: RR = 0.95
Women: RR = 0.90
Men & women: RR = 0.92 (0.81-1.06)
|
Men: RR = 1.05
Women: RR = 1.11
Men & women: RR = 1.08 (0.82-1.43)
|
Per increment of 1 serving/d.
Stratified by energy from carbohydrate intake:
| < 40% | 40-55% | > 55% |
Men: RR = 0.90
Women: RR = 0.99
Men & women: RR = 0.94 (0.85-1.05)
|
Men: RR = 0.97
Women: RR = 0.96
Men & women: RR = 0.96 (0.91-1.01)
|
Men: RR = 1.04
Women: RR = 1.01
Men & women: RR = 1.03 (0.94-1.13)
|
Effect modification: All associations were generally attenuated among the multivitamin supplement users (data not shown).Total energy, whole grains, age, smoking, alcohol, BMI, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, aspirin use, physical activity, family history of MI, history of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and incident diabetes, and menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy. |
| 10) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and
37,725 men (aged 40-75).
(USA) | 14
(1984-1998)
(women), and
12
(1986-1998)
(men) | 1964? women, and
1670? men.
1314 never smokers, 1513 past smokers, and 988 current smokers.
1625 non-vitamin supplement users, and 1444 vitamin supplement users. | Cardiovascular disease risk | Vitamin C-containing fruits and vegetables (cantaloupes, oranges, orange juice, grapefruit, grapefruit juice, strawberries, other fruit juice, broccoli, green or chili peppers, chili peppers, kohlrabi, dried currants, guavas, honeydew melon, kiwi fruit, mangoes, and V-8 juice) |
Stratified by sex:
| Men + women | Men | Women |
| A significant inverse association: RR = 0.94 (0.91-0.98; No P-value). |
RR = 0.95 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
RR = 0.94 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
Stratified by smoking status (men and women combined):
| Never | Past | Current |
| RR = 0.97 (0.91-1.04; No P-value). | RR = 0.94 (0.89-1.01; No P-value). | RR = 0.90 (0.83-0.98; No P-value). |
Stratified by multivitamin use (men and women combined):
| Non-vitamin use | Multivitamin use |
| RR = 0.95 (0.89-1.01; No P-value). | RR = 0.98 (0.90-1.05; No P-value). |
All RRs are for an increment of 1 serving/day.Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
| 10) Joshipura KJ (2001) | The Nurses' Health Study &
The Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study. | 84,251 women aged 34-59, and 42,148 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | Women: 14 (1980-1994).
Men: 8 (1986-1994). | 1,127? women and
1,063? men.
1.193? non-multivitamin supplement users and
729? multivitamin supplement users.
1.446? never or past smokers and
708? current smokers. | Coronary heart disease risk (nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal coronary disease) | Vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables (Not defined, but containing > 30 mg vitamin C/serving) |
| Pooled | Women | Men |
RR = 0.91 (0.79-1.04; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quintiles. not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.04 (0.92-1.19).
Q3: RR = 0.91 (0.80-1.04).
Q4: RR = 0.87 (0.70-1.07).
Q5: RR = 0.91 (0.79-1.04).
|
RR = 0.95 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median servings/d):
0.54: RR = 1.
Not defined: RR = 1.00.
Not defined: RR = 0.92.
Not defined: RR = 0.77.
3.08: RR = 0.95.
|
RR = 0.87 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median servings/d):
0.46: RR = 1.
Not defined: RR = 1.09.
Not defined: RR = 0.89.
Not defined: RR = 0.97.
2.96: RR = 0.87.
|
Stratified by multivitamin supplement use:
| Participants not using multivitamin supplements | Participants using multivitamin supplements |
| RR = 0.94 (0.87-1.02). |
RR = 0.97 (0.88-1.07). |
Stratified by smoking status:
| Never or past smokers | Current smokers |
| RR = 0.94 (0.88-1.01). |
RR = 0.92 (0.82-1.03). |
Age, smoking status, alcohol intake, family history of myocardial infarction, BMI, vitamin supplement use, vitamin E use, physical activity, aspirin use, 2-year follow-up period, presence of hypertension, presence of hypercholesterolemia, total daily caloric intake, and postmenopausal hormone use (women). |
| 10) Joshipura KJ (1999) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study | 75,596 women aged 34-59, and 38,683 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | Women: 14
(1980-1994).
Men: 8
(1986-1994). | 570?
295 non-users of vitamin supplements, and 216 users of multivitamin supplements.
388 never & past smokers, and 172 current smokers. | Ischemic stroke risk | Vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables (Not defined, but containing > 30 mg vitamin C/serving) |
| Pooled | Women
(366? cases) | Men
(204? cases) |
RR = 0.68 (0.52-0.89) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.83 (0.64-1.06).
Q3: RR = 0.70 (0.54-0.90).
Q4: RR = 0.81 (0.56-1.17).
Q5: RR = 0.68 (0.52-0.89).
|
RR = 0.64 (0.46-0.89) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.54: RR = 1.
Not defined: RR = 0.83 (0.62-1.12).
Not defined: RR = 0.73 (0.54-1.00).
Not defined: RR = 0.68 (0.49-0.95).
3.08: RR = 0.64 (0.46-0.89).
|
RR = 0.77 (0.49-1.20) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.46: RR = 1.
Not defined: RR = 0.82 (0.52-1.27).
Not defined: RR = 0.62 (0.39-0.99).
Not defined: RR = 1.00 (0.66-1.51).
2.96: RR = 0.77 (0.49-1.20).
|
Stratified by vitamin supplement use:
| No vitamin supplement | Multivitamin supplement |
| RR for an increment of 1 serving/day: 0.83 (0.66-1.04).
|
RR for an increment of 1 serving/day: 0.89 (0.74-1.08).
|
Stratified by smoking status:
| Never and past smokers | Current smokers |
| RR for an increment of 1 serving/day: 0.88 (0.77-1.01).
|
RR for an increment of 1 serving/day: 0.73 (0.58-0.93).
|
Age, smoking, alcohol, family history of MI, BMI, vitamin supplement use, vitamin E use, physical activity, aspirin use, time period, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, total energy intake, and amon women, postmenopausal hormone use. |
| | | |