| 30) Nomura AM (2008) | The Multiethnic Cohort Study. | 85,903 men and 105,108 women aged 45-75.
(Hawaii and California) | 7.3
(1993-96 to 2001) | 1138? men, and 972? women | Colorectal cancer risk
(only invasive adenocarcinoma of the large bowel) | Broccoli |
| Men: | Women: |
RR = 0.94 (0.76-1.15; P = 0.300) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quintiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.10 (0.91-1.33).
Q3: RR = 0.95 (0.77-1.16).
Q4: RR = 0.98 (0.80-1.20).
Q5: RR = 0.94 (0.76-1.16).
|
RR = 0.92 (0.75-1.15; P = 0.652) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quintiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.93 (0.75-1.16).
Q3: RR = 0.85 (0.68-1.06).
Q4: RR = 0.72 (0.57-0.91).
Q5: RR = 0.92 (0.75-1.15).
|
Age, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colorectal polyp, pack-years of cigarette smoking, BMI, hours of vigorous activity, aspirin use, multivitamin use, replacement hormone use, log energy intake, alcohol, red meat, folate, vitamin D, and calcium. |
| 29) Koushik A. (2007) | Pooled Analysis of 10 Cohort Studies. | 534,264 subjects. | 7-20 years | 4,433 | Colon cancer risk | Broccoli |
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- Publication of a diet and cancer association.
- Diagnosis of at least 50 incident colorectal cancer cases.
- Assessment of usual diet.
- Conduct of a validation study of the dietary assessment method or a closely related instrument.
INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of colon cancer cases).
In the analysis, an extended follow-up period for most of the studies was included:
- The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. (1984-1999/187 men)
Pietinen P, Malila N, Virtanen M, Hartman TJ, Tangrea JA, Albanes D. Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control. 1999 Oct;10(5):387-96. Abstract
- The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. (1992-1999/467 men, 349 women)
McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Chao A, Jacobs EJ, Stampfer MJ, Jacobs DR. A prospective study of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and colon cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2003 Dec;14(10):959-70. Abstract
- The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. (1986-2000/456 men)
Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text
- The New York State Cohort. (1980-1987/335 men, 223 women)
Bandera EV, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zielezny M, Priore RL, Brasure J. Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in the New York State Cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):828-40. Abstract
- The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-up Study. (1987-1999/349 women)
Flood A, Velie EM, Chaterjee N, Subar AF, Thompson FE, Lacey JV Jr. Fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 May;75(5):936-43. Full text
- The Canadian National Breast Screening Study. (1980-2000/431 women)
Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR, Rohan TE. Dietary intake of folic acid and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of women. Int J Cancer. 2002 Feb 20;97(6):864-7. Abstract
- The Iowa Women's Health Study. (1986-2001/799 women)
Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD. Vegetables, and fruit colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Jan 1;139(1):1-15. Abstract
- The New York University Women's Health Study. (1985-1998/96 women)
Kato I, Akhmedkhanov A, Koenig K, Toniolo PG, Shore RE, Riboli E. Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study. Nutr Cancer. 1997;28(3):276-81. Abstract
- The Nurses' Health Study A + B. (A = 1980-1986/162 women. B = 1986-2000/429 women)
Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text
- The Women's Health Study. (1993-2003/163 women)
Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Rexrode KM, Liu S, Manson JE. Dietary intakes of fruit, vegetables, and fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005 Apr;16(3):225-33. Abstract
RELATIVE RISK:
RR = 0.95 (0.85-1.05; P = 0.94) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
0: RR = 1.
> 0 to < 1/wk: RR = 0.91 (0.83-0.99).
≥ 1/wk: RR = 0.95 (0.85-1.05).
One serving = 1/2 cup. | BMI; height; education; physical activity; family history of colorectal cancer; postmenopausal hormone use; oral contraceptive use; use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; multivitamin use; smoking habits (never/past/current + amount); red meat; total milk; alcohol; and total energy. Age in years and year of questionnaire return were included as stratification variables. |
| 23) Lin J. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 36,976 women aged > or = 45 years.
(USA) | 10 | 223? | Colorectal cancer risk | Broccoli | Intakes of individual vegetable items were found not appreciably to be associated with colorectal cancer risk (data not shown). | age, randomized treatment assignment, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colon polyps, physical activity, smoking status, baseline aspirin use, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, menopausal status, baseline post-menopausal HT use, folate intake and multivitamin use. Glycemic load in the multivariate model did not change the overall results. |
| 17) Flood A. (2002) | The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP). | 45,490 women.
(USA) | 8.5-8.7
(1987-89 to 1995-98) | 485? | colorectal cancer risk | broccoli |
A nonsignificantly decreased risk: RR = 0.78 (0.58-1.06) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per 1000 kJ/day):
0.002: RR = 1.
0.014: RR = 1.07 (0.82-1.40).
0.026: RR = 0.98 (0.75-1.30).
0.047: RR = 0.94 (0.71-1.24).
0.097: RR = 0.78 (0.58-1.06). | Energy, multivitamin supplement use, BMI, height, use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, smoking status, education level, physical activity, and intakes of fruit, grains, red meat, calcium, vitamin D, and alcohol. |
| 8) Steinmetz KA. (1994) | The Iowa Women's Health Study. | 35,216 women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 5
(1986-1990) | 212?
(86 proximal, and 120 distal) | Colon cancer risk | Broccoli |
| Colon: | Proximal colon: | Distal colon: |
RR = 1.04 (0.66-1.65) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
0: RR = 1.
0.5: RR = 1.14 (0.77-1.71).
1.0: RR = 1.12 (0.75-1.68).
≥ 3.0: RR = 1.04 (0.66-1.65).
|
A slightly increased risk (no data shown).
|
No data shown.
|
Age, energy. The effect of adjustment of the vegetable and fruit associations for the following factors was negligible: BMI, parity, age at first live birth, physical activity, smoking, education, history of polyps or colitis, and alcohol intake. |
| 6) Lin J. (2006) | The Nurses's Health Study + The Health Professionals Follow Up Study. | 71,976 women and 35,425 men. (USA) | 10
(1990-2000) | 878 of which 701 colon (408 women, 293 men), and 177 rectal (90 women, 87 men) | Colorectal cancer risk | Broccoli |
| Women: | Men: |
RR = 0.93 (0.53-1.62; P = 0.98) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
0-0.5: RR = 1.
0.6-1: RR = 1.08 (0.83-1.40).
2-4: RR = 1.11 (0.84-1.47).
≥ 5: RR = 0.93 (0.53-1.62).
|
RR = 0.92 (0.49-1.72; P = 0.82) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
0-0.5: RR = 1.
0.6-1: RR = 0.83 (0.64-1.09).
2-4: RR = 0.95 (0.71-1.27).
≥ 5: RR = 0.92 (0.49-1.72).
|
Age, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colorectal polyps, prior sigmoidoscopy screening, physical activity, smoking status, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, total calcium intake, total folate intake, total fiber intake, aspirin use, and multivitamin use. Among women, multivariate models also included adjustment for postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. |
| 6) Michels KB. (2000) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 88,764 women aged 34-59 and 47,325 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | Women: 16
(1980-1996).
Men: 10
(1986-1996) | 1,181?
(937 colon cancer [368 men, 569 women], 244 rectal cancer [89 men, 155 women]) | Colorectal cancer risk | Broccoli | Intake of individual vegetables that constitute the composite items was not appreciably associated with colon or rectal cancer risk in women or men (No data data shown). | age, family history of colorectal cancer, sigmoidoscopy, height, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, (women: menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use,) aspirin use, vitamin supplement intake (ever use of multivitamins or vitamins A, C, or E), total caloric intake, and red meat consumption. |
| 6) Giovannucci E. (1994) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. | 47,949 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | 1986-1992 | 205? | Colon cancer risk | Broccoli | Of all vegetable items examined individually, none were statistically significantly related to the risk of colon cancer (no data shown). | Age, energy. |
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