Brussels sprouts and colorectal cancer.

Colon cancer risk: Data about the relation between Brussels sprouts and colon cancer risk was provided by a pooled analysis of 8 cohorts (29). No association was found with high vs low consumption, but a significant protective effect (RR = 0.91) was found with intermediate levels of consumption (> 0 to < 1 serving/wk). It should be noted that nonsignificant heterogeneity was found in results between studies.
Rectal cancer risk: Data about rectal cancer was provided by 3 cohorts (6, 9). No associations were found.
Colorectal cancer risk: Data from an articles about 1 cohort (23) was not stratified by cancer site (though information about colon cancer was used by the pooled analysis). No association was found.

Conclusion: A significant protective effect from an intermediate level of consumption against total colon cancer risk was found in a pooled analysis of 8 cohorts. Brussels sprouts possibly protect against total colon cancer risk at the level of consumption of > 0 to < 1 serving/week (- 9%).

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Author

Cohort name

Subjects

Years of follow-up

Cases

End point

Consumption of

Relative Risk (RR)

Adjustments

29) Koushik A. (2007)

Pooled Analysis of 8 Cohort Studies.

439,605 subjects.

7-20 years

3,733

Colon cancer risk

Brussels sprouts

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Publication of a diet and cancer association.
Diagnosis of at least 50 incident colorectal cancer cases.
Assessment of usual diet.
Conduct of a validation study of the dietary assessment method or a closely related instrument.

INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of colon cancer cases).
In the analysis, an extended follow-up period for most of the studies was included:

The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. (1984-1999/187 men)
Pietinen P, Malila N, Virtanen M, Hartman TJ, Tangrea JA, Albanes D. Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control. 1999 Oct;10(5):387-96. Abstract
The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. (1986-2000/456 men)
Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text
The Netherlands Cohort Study. (1986-1993/393 men, 353 women)
Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, van Poppel G, Sturmans F, Hermus RJ, van den Brandt PA. Vegetable and fruit consumption and risks of colon and rectal cancer in a prospective cohort study: The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Dec 1;152(11):1081-92. Full text
The New York State Cohort. (1980-1987/335 men, 223 women)
Bandera EV, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zielezny M, Priore RL, Brasure J. Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in the New York State Cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):828-40. Abstract
The Canadian National Breast Screening Study. (1980-2000/431 women)
Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR, Rohan TE. Dietary intake of folic acid and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of women. Int J Cancer. 2002 Feb 20;97(6):864-7. Abstract
The Iowa Women's Health Study. (1986-2001/799 women)
Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD. Vegetables, and fruit colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Jan 1;139(1):1-15. Abstract
The Nurses' Health Study B. (1986-2000/429 women)
Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text
The Women's Health Study. (1993-2003/163 women)
Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Rexrode KM, Liu S, Manson JE. Dietary intakes of fruit, vegetables, and fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005 Apr;16(3):225-33. Abstract

RELATIVE RISK:

RR = 1.03 (0.82-1.29; P = 0.83) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings):
0: RR = 1.
> 0 to < 1/wk: RR = 0.91 (0.85-0.99).
≥ 1/wk: RR = 1.03 (0.82-1.29).

(P for heterogeneity between studies = 0.10).

One serving = 1/2 cup.

BMI; height; education; physical activity; family history of colorectal cancer; postmenopausal hormone use; oral contraceptive use; use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; multivitamin use; smoking habits (never/past/current + amount); red meat; total milk; alcohol; and total energy. Age in years and year of questionnaire return were included as stratification variables.

23) Lin J. (2005)

The Women's Health Study.

36,976 women aged > or = 45 years.
(USA)

10

223?

Colorectal cancer risk

Brussels sprouts

Intakes of individual vegetable items were found not appreciably to be associated with colorectal cancer risk (data not shown).

age, randomized treatment assignment, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colon polyps, physical activity, smoking status, baseline aspirin use, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, menopausal status, baseline post-menopausal HT use, folate intake and multivitamin use. Glycemic load in the multivariate model did not change the overall results.

9) Voorrips LE. (2000)

The Netherlands Cohort Study.

62,573 women and 58,279 men aged 55-69.
(The Netherlands)

6.3
(1986-1992)

578 colon? (312 men, 266 women), and 314? rectal (199 men, 115 women)

Colorectal cancer risk

Brussels sprouts

**Stratified by cancer site**
Colon cancer	Rectal cancer
Men: RR = 0.94 Women: RR = 0.89	Men: RR = 0.99 Women: RR = 0.53

RRs are for an increment of 25 g/day.

Age, family history of colorectal cancer, alcohol, and items in the cooked vegetable group, raw vegetable group, and fruit group. Total energy intake, smoking, physical activity, and BMI were evaluated as potential confounders.

8) Steinmetz KA. (1994)

The Iowa Women's Health Study.

35,216 women aged 55-69.
(USA)

5
(1986-1990)

212?

Colon cancer risk

Brussels sprouts

RR = 1.04 (0.67-1.61) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/week):
0: RR = 1.
0.5: RR = 0.65 (0.44-0.96).
≥ 1.0: RR = 1.04 (0.67-1.61).

Age, energy. The effect of adjustment of the vegetable and fruit associations for the following factors was negligible: BMI, parity, age at first live birth, physical activity, smoking, education, history of polyps or colitis, and alcohol intake.

6) Michels KB. (2000)

The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study.

88,764 women aged 34-59 and 47,325 men aged 40-75.
(USA)

Women: 16
(1980-1996).

Men: 10
(1986-1996)

1,181?
(937 colon cancer [368 men, 569 women], 244 rectal cancer [89 men, 155 women])

Colorectal cancer risk

Brussels sprouts

Intake of individual vegetables that constitute the composite items was not appreciably associated with colon or rectal cancer risk in women or men (No data data shown).

age, family history of colorectal cancer, sigmoidoscopy, height, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, (women: menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use,) aspirin use, vitamin supplement intake (ever use of multivitamins or vitamins A, C, or E), total caloric intake, and red meat consumption.

6) Giovannucci E. (1994)

The Health Professionals Follow-up Study.

47,949 men aged 40-75.
(USA)

1986-1992

205?

Colon cancer risk

Brussels sprouts

Of all vegetable items examined individually, none were statistically significantly related to the risk of colon cancer (no data shown).

Age, energy.