Cruciferous vegetables and colorectal cancer.

Colon cancer risk: Data about the relation between cruciferous vegetables and colon cancer risk was provided by a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies (29), and one additional cohort (4). No associations were found.
Rectal cancer risk: Data about the relation with rectal cancer risk was provided by 4 cohorts. A significantly increased risk among women - but not men - was found in one cohort (9). And in one other cohort the RR was far above 1 for women, but no data about significance was provided (6). No associations were found in the remaining cohorts (4, 6 [men]).
Colorectal cancer risk: Data from articles about 6 cohorts was not stratified by cancer site (though information about colon cancer was sometimes used by the pooled analysis: 13, 23).
A significantly increased risk of colorectal cancer risk was found in the smallest cohort examining men only (13). But no associations of high vs low consumption were found in the remaining 3 cohorts (16, 18, 23, 27, 30). Few associations were found with intermediate levels of consumption (27 [men], and 30 [women]), and the level of consumption for this effect was not always defined (30).
Mortality: Data about colorectal cancer mortality was provided by 2 cohorts.
A protective effect against colon cancer mortality was found in the largest cohort (7), but no information was provided about the strength, and significance of the association, and no adjustments for possible confounders were made.

Conclusion: Findings about cruciferous vegetables in relation to rectal cancer, and total colorectal risk are inconsistent, and no association was found with colon cancer risk. Data about mortality is limited. Inconclusive evidence was found for an association between cruciferous vegetables and colorectal, colon, or rectal cancer.

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Men:

Women:

RR = 0.87 (0.71-1.08; P = 0.291) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (quintiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.93 (0.76-1.13).
Q3: RR = 0.88 (0.75-1.15).
Q4: RR = 0.90 (0.73-1.10).
Q5: RR = 0.87 (0.71-1.08).

RR = 0.91 (0.73-1.14; P = 0.787) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (quintiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.91 (0.73-1.14).
Q3: RR = 0.76 (0.60-0.96).
Q4: RR = 0.79 (0.62-0.99).
Q5: RR = 0.91 (0.73-1.14).

Men:

Women:

RR = 0.93 (0.81-1.07; P = 0.35) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (median intake in servings/1,000 kcal/day):
0.03: RR = 1.
0.08: RR = 0.93 (0.81-1.06).
0.15: RR = 0.95 (0.83-1.08).
0.25: RR = 0.85 (0.74-0.98).
0.50: RR = 0.93 (0.81-1.07).

RR = 1.04 (0.84-1.29; P = 0.42) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (median intake in servings/1,000 kcal/day):
0.05: RR = 1.
0.14: RR = 1.00 (0.81-1.22).
0.24: RR = 0.94 (0.76-1.16).
0.39: RR = 1.17 (0.96-1.43).
0.78: RR = 1.04 (0.84-1.29).

Men:

Women:

No associations were seen (results not shown).

Colon cancer:

Men

Women

RR = 0.76 (0.51-1.13; P = 0.11) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
11: RR = 1.
21: RR = 1.00 (0.69-1.46).
29: RR = 0.82 (0.56-1.22).
40: RR = 0.91 (0.62-1.32).
58: RR = 0.76 (0.51-1.13).

RR = 0.51 (0.33-0.80; P = 0.004) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
11: RR = 1.
20: RR = 0.60 (0.40-0.89).
28: RR = 0.85 (0.58-1.25).
38: RR = 0.66 (0.44-0.99).
58: RR = 0.51 (0.33-0.80).

Proximal colon cancer:

Men

Women

RR = 0.93 (0.52-1.66; P = 0.96) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
11: RR = 1.
21: RR = 1.26 (0.73-2.17).
29: RR = 1.02 (0.57-1.81).
40: RR = 1.38 (0.82-2.32).
58: RR = 0.93 (0.52-1.66).

RR = 0.57 (0.32-1.02; P = 0.12) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
11: RR = 1.
20: RR = 0.70 (0.42-1.17).
28: RR = 0.76 (0.44-1.29).
38: RR = 0.82 (0.49-1.39).
58: RR = 0.57 (0.32-1.02).

Distal colon cancer:

Men

Women

RR = 0.68 (0.41-1.15; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
11: RR = 1.
21: RR = 0.96 (0.59-1.56).
29: RR = 0.79 (0.47-1.32).
40: RR = 0.57 (0.33-0.99).
58: RR = 0.68 (0.41-1.15).

RR = 0.47 (0.25-0.89; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
11: RR = 1.
20: RR = 0.56 (0.32-1.00).
28: RR = 1.06 (0.64-1.77).
38: RR = 0.53 (0.28-0.98).
58: RR = 0.47 (0.25-0.89).

Rectal cancer:

Men

Women

RR = 0.88 (0.56-1.39; P = 0.94) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
11: RR = 1.
21: RR = 0.73 (0.45-1.18).
29: RR = 0.79 (0.49-1.26).
40: RR = 0.95 (0.61-1.48).
58: RR = 0.88 (0.56-1.39).

RR = 1.66 (0.94-2.94; P = 0.05) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
11: RR = 1.
20: RR = 0.83 (0.44-1.57).
28: RR = 1.28 (0.70-2.33).
38: RR = 1.01 (0.53-1.90).
58: RR = 1.66 (0.94-2.94).

Stratified on family history of colon cancer:

No family history

Positive family history

RR = 1.1 (0.8-1.6; P = 0.6) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1.5: RR = 1.
1.6-3.5: RR = 1.0 (0.7-1.5).
> 3.5: RR = 1.1 (0.8-1.6).

RR = 1.3 (0.7-2.4; P = 0.5) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1.5: RR = 1.
1.6-3.5: RR = 1.2 (0.6-2.2).
> 3.5: RR = 1.3 (0.7-2.4).

Colon:

Proximal colon:

Distal colon:

RR = 1.12 (0.74-1.70) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/week):
< 1.5: RR = 1.
1.5-2.4: RR = 1.11 (0.75-1.64).
2.5-4.0: RR = 0.98 (0.65-1.47).
> 4.0: RR = 1.12 (0.74-1.70).

A positive association: RR = 1.74 (0.85-3.57; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/week):
< 1.5: RR = 1.
1.5-2.4: RR = 1.62 (0.82-3.21).
2.5-4.0: RR = 1.80 (0.91-3.56).
> 4.0: RR = 1.74 (0.85-3.57).

RR = 0.92 (0.54-1.56) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/week):
< 1.5: RR = 1.
1.5-2.4: RR = 0.99 (0.60-1.62).
2.5-4.0: RR = 0.74 (0.43-1.26).
> 4.0: RR = 0.92 (0.54-1.56).

Men:

Women:

RR = 0.74 (0.51-1.08; P = 0.15) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 0.08: RR = 1.
0.08-< 0.16: RR = 0.75 (0.53-1.05).
0.16-< 0.23: RR = 0.91 (0.64-1.28).
0.23-< 0.41: RR = 0.61 (0.41-0.90).
≥ 0.41: RR = 0.74 (0.51-1.08).

RR = 0.91 (0.58-1.44; P = 0.55) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 0.11: RR = 1.
0.11-< 0.18: RR = 1.02 (0.68-1.54).
0.18-< 0.29: RR = 1.11 (0.72-1.70).
0.29-< 0.5: RR = 0.96 (0.62-1.51).
≥ 0.5: RR = 0.91 (0.58-1.44).

Colon cancer risk:

Women

Men

RR = 0.94 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 0.93.
2: RR = 0.95.
3-4: RR = 1.06.
≥ 5: RR = 0.94.

RR = 0.83 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 0.98.
2: RR = 0.77.
3-4: RR = 0.78.
≥ 5: RR = 0.83.

men + women combined (colon cancer):

No vitamin supplement users

Vitamin supplement users

RR = 0.94 (0.66-1.34) for 1 additional serving/day.

RR = 1.04 (0.83-1.30) for 1 additional serving/day.

men + women combined (colon cancer):

Never smokers

Ever smokers

RR = 1.06 (0.79-1.42) for 1 additional serving/day.

RR = 0.95 (0.73-1.25) for 1 additional serving/day.

Rectal cancer risk:

Women

Men

RR = 1.74 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 1.56.
2: RR = 1.33.
3-4: RR = 1.42.
≥ 5: RR = 1.74.

RR = 0.91 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 1.21.
2: RR = 0.66.
3-4: RR = 1.08.
≥ 5: RR = 0.91.

Colon:

Colorectal:

RR = 1.4 (0.9-2.4; P = 0.2) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (times/month):
< 1.2: RR = 1.
1.2-2.1: RR = 1.0 (0.6-1.7).
2.2-4.5: RR = 1.0 (0.6-1.8).
> 4.5: RR = 1.4 (0.9-2.4).

RR = 1.4 (0.9-2.2; P = 0.2) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (times/month):
< 1.2: RR = 1.
1.2-2.1: RR = 0.9 (0.6-1.6).
2.2-4.5: RR = 0.9 (0.6-1.5).
> 4.5: RR = 1.4 (0.9-2.2).

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to colorectal cancer risk & mortality.

Cruciferous vegetables and colorectal cancer.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our dietto colorectal cancer risk & mortality.

Cruciferous vegetables and colorectal cancer.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to colorectal cancer risk & mortality.