Fruit juice and colorectal cancer.

Colon cancer risk: Data about the relation between fruit juices and colon cancer risk was provided by a pooled analysis of 14 cohorts (29), and 2 additional cohorts (24, 25). No associations were found.
Rectal cancer risk: Data about the relation with rectal cancer risk was provided by 2 cohorts (24, 25). No associations were found. Mortality: Data about mortality was provided by 1 cohort only (22). No significant associations were found with colon or rectal cancer mortality.

Conclusion: No evidence was found for an association between fruit juices and any cancer end point.

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**Prospective studies of fruit juices and colorectal cancer risk:**
Author	Cohort name	Subjects	Years of follow-up	Cases	End point	Consumption of	Relative Risk (RR)	Adjustments
29) Koushik A. (2007)	Pooled Analysis of 14 Cohort Studies.	756,217 subjects (242,362 men and 513,855 women)	6-20 years	5,760	Colon cancer risk	Fruit juices	INCLUSION CRITERIA: Publication of a diet and cancer association. Diagnosis of at least 50 incident colorectal cancer cases. Assessment of usual diet. Conduct of a validation study of the dietary assessment method or a closely related instrument. INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of colon cancer cases). In the analysis, an extended follow-up period for most of the studies was included: The Adventist Health Study. (1976-1982/52 men, 67 women) Singh PN, Fraser GE. Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Oct 15;148(8):761-74. Full text The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. (1984-1999/187 men) Pietinen P, Malila N, Virtanen M, Hartman TJ, Tangrea JA, Albanes D. Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control. 1999 Oct;10(5):387-96. Abstract The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. (1992-1999/467 men, 349 women) McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Chao A, Jacobs EJ, Stampfer MJ, Jacobs DR. A prospective study of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and colon cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2003 Dec;14(10):959-70. Abstract The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. (1986-2000/456 men) Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text The Netherlands Cohort Study. (1986-1993/393 men, 353 women) Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, van Poppel G, Sturmans F, Hermus RJ, van den Brandt PA. Vegetable and fruit consumption and risks of colon and rectal cancer in a prospective cohort study: The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Dec 1;152(11):1081-92. Full text The New York State Cohort. (1980-1987/335 men, 223 women) Bandera EV, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zielezny M, Priore RL, Brasure J. Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in the New York State Cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):828-40. Abstract The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-up Study. (1987-1999/349 women) Flood A, Velie EM, Chaterjee N, Subar AF, Thompson FE, Lacey JV Jr. Fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 May;75(5):936-43. Full text The Canadian National Breast Screening Study. (1980-2000/431 women) Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR, Rohan TE. Dietary intake of folic acid and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of women. Int J Cancer. 2002 Feb 20;97(6):864-7. Abstract The Iowa Women's Health Study. (1986-2001/799 women) Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD. Vegetables, and fruit colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Jan 1;139(1):1-15. Abstract The New York University Women's Health Study. (1985-1998/96 women) Kato I, Akhmedkhanov A, Koenig K, Toniolo PG, Shore RE, Riboli E. Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study. Nutr Cancer. 1997;28(3):276-81. Abstract The Nurses' Health Study A + B. (A = 1980-1986/162 women. B = 1986-2000/429 women) Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text The Prospective Study on Hormones, Diet and Breast Cancer. (1987-2001/ 43 women) Sieri S, Krogh V, Muti P, Micheli A, Pala V, Crosignani P. Fat and protein intake and subsequent breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Nutr Cancer. 2002;42(1):10-7. Abstract The Swedish Mammography Cohort. (1987-2003/484 women) Terry P, Giovannucci E, Michels KB, Bergkvist L, Hansen H, Holmberg L. Fruit, vegetables, dietary fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Apr 4;93(7):525-33. Full text The Women's Health Study. (1993-2003/163 women) Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Rexrode KM, Liu S, Manson JE. Dietary intakes of fruit, vegetables, and fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005 Apr;16(3):225-33. Abstract RELATIVE RISK: RR = 0.96 (0.89-1.05; P = 0.92) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. Amount specific data (servings): 0: RR = 1. > 0 to < 1/wk: RR = 0.95 (0.86-1.05). 1/wk to < 0.5/day: RR = 0.92 (0.81-1.04). ≥ 0.5/day: RR = 0.96 (0.89-1.05). One serving = 6 oz.	BMI; height; education; physical activity; family history of colorectal cancer; postmenopausal hormone use; oral contraceptive use; use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; multivitamin use; smoking habits (never/past/current + amount); red meat; total milk; alcohol; and total energy. Age in years and year of questionnaire return were included as stratification variables.
25) Tsubono Y. (2005)	The JPHC Study.	A pooled analysis of 2 prospective studies with 88,658 Japanese men and women. Cohort I included 40,106 subjects 40-59 years (19,345 men and 20,761 women). Cohort II included 48,552 subjects 40-69 years (23,180 men and 25,372 women).	Cohort I: 9 (1990-99). Cohort II: 6 (1993-99)	705? (456 colon [300 men, 156 women], 249 rectum [154 men, 95 women])	Colorectal cancer risk	Fruit juice (not defined)	No significant relations with risk of colon or rectal cancer (no data shown).	sex, age, public health centre area, BMI, frequency of sports, smoking, alcohol consumption, vitamin supplement use, energy, cereals, meat, and fish by each cohort.
24) Sato Y. (2005)	The Miyagi Cohort Study.	47,605 subjects (22,836 men and 24,769 women) aged 40-64. (Japan)	1990-1997	Colon: 165? Rectal: 110?	Colon, and rectal cancer risk	Fruit juices (not defined)	No significant correlation was found with colon, and rectal cancer risk (No data shown).	Sex, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, education, family history of cancer, walking time, and meat consumption.
6) Giovannucci E. (1994)	The Health Professionals Follow-up Study.	47,949 men aged 40-75. (USA)	1986-1992	205?	Colon cancer risk	fruit juices	Of all fruits items examined individually, none were statistically significantly related to the risk of colon cancer (no data shown).	Age, energy.

Prospective studies of fruit juices and colorectal cancer risk:

Author

Cohort name

Subjects

Years of follow-up

Cases

End point

Consumption of

Relative Risk (RR)

Adjustments

29) Koushik A. (2007)

Pooled Analysis of 14 Cohort Studies.

756,217 subjects (242,362 men and 513,855 women)

6-20 years

5,760

Colon cancer risk

Fruit juices

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Publication of a diet and cancer association.
Diagnosis of at least 50 incident colorectal cancer cases.
Assessment of usual diet.
Conduct of a validation study of the dietary assessment method or a closely related instrument.

INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of colon cancer cases).
In the analysis, an extended follow-up period for most of the studies was included:

The Adventist Health Study. (1976-1982/52 men, 67 women)
Singh PN, Fraser GE. Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Oct 15;148(8):761-74. Full text
The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. (1984-1999/187 men)
Pietinen P, Malila N, Virtanen M, Hartman TJ, Tangrea JA, Albanes D. Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control. 1999 Oct;10(5):387-96. Abstract
The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. (1992-1999/467 men, 349 women)
McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Chao A, Jacobs EJ, Stampfer MJ, Jacobs DR. A prospective study of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and colon cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2003 Dec;14(10):959-70. Abstract
The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. (1986-2000/456 men)
Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text
The Netherlands Cohort Study. (1986-1993/393 men, 353 women)
Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, van Poppel G, Sturmans F, Hermus RJ, van den Brandt PA. Vegetable and fruit consumption and risks of colon and rectal cancer in a prospective cohort study: The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Dec 1;152(11):1081-92. Full text
The New York State Cohort. (1980-1987/335 men, 223 women)
Bandera EV, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zielezny M, Priore RL, Brasure J. Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in the New York State Cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):828-40. Abstract
The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-up Study. (1987-1999/349 women)
Flood A, Velie EM, Chaterjee N, Subar AF, Thompson FE, Lacey JV Jr. Fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 May;75(5):936-43. Full text
The Canadian National Breast Screening Study. (1980-2000/431 women)
Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR, Rohan TE. Dietary intake of folic acid and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of women. Int J Cancer. 2002 Feb 20;97(6):864-7. Abstract
The Iowa Women's Health Study. (1986-2001/799 women)
Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD. Vegetables, and fruit colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Jan 1;139(1):1-15. Abstract
The New York University Women's Health Study. (1985-1998/96 women)
Kato I, Akhmedkhanov A, Koenig K, Toniolo PG, Shore RE, Riboli E. Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study. Nutr Cancer. 1997;28(3):276-81. Abstract
The Nurses' Health Study A + B. (A = 1980-1986/162 women. B = 1986-2000/429 women)
Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text
The Prospective Study on Hormones, Diet and Breast Cancer. (1987-2001/ 43 women)
Sieri S, Krogh V, Muti P, Micheli A, Pala V, Crosignani P. Fat and protein intake and subsequent breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Nutr Cancer. 2002;42(1):10-7. Abstract
The Swedish Mammography Cohort. (1987-2003/484 women)
Terry P, Giovannucci E, Michels KB, Bergkvist L, Hansen H, Holmberg L. Fruit, vegetables, dietary fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Apr 4;93(7):525-33. Full text
The Women's Health Study. (1993-2003/163 women)
Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Rexrode KM, Liu S, Manson JE. Dietary intakes of fruit, vegetables, and fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005 Apr;16(3):225-33. Abstract

RELATIVE RISK:

RR = 0.96 (0.89-1.05; P = 0.92) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings):
0: RR = 1.
> 0 to < 1/wk: RR = 0.95 (0.86-1.05).
1/wk to < 0.5/day: RR = 0.92 (0.81-1.04).
≥ 0.5/day: RR = 0.96 (0.89-1.05).

One serving = 6 oz.

BMI; height; education; physical activity; family history of colorectal cancer; postmenopausal hormone use; oral contraceptive use; use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; multivitamin use; smoking habits (never/past/current + amount); red meat; total milk; alcohol; and total energy. Age in years and year of questionnaire return were included as stratification variables.

25) Tsubono Y. (2005)

The JPHC Study.

A pooled analysis of 2 prospective studies with 88,658 Japanese men and women.
Cohort I included 40,106 subjects 40-59 years (19,345 men and 20,761 women).
Cohort II included 48,552 subjects 40-69 years (23,180 men and 25,372 women).

Cohort I: 9 (1990-99).
Cohort II: 6 (1993-99)

705?
(456 colon [300 men, 156 women], 249 rectum [154 men, 95 women])

Colorectal cancer risk

Fruit juice (not defined)

No significant relations with risk of colon or rectal cancer (no data shown).

sex, age, public health centre area, BMI, frequency of sports, smoking, alcohol consumption, vitamin supplement use, energy, cereals, meat, and fish by each cohort.

24) Sato Y. (2005)

The Miyagi Cohort Study.

47,605 subjects (22,836 men and 24,769 women) aged 40-64.
(Japan)

1990-1997

Colon: 165?
Rectal: 110?

Colon, and rectal cancer risk

Fruit juices (not defined)

No significant correlation was found with colon, and rectal cancer risk (No data shown).

Sex, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, education, family history of cancer, walking time, and meat consumption.

6) Giovannucci E. (1994)

The Health Professionals Follow-up Study.

47,949 men aged 40-75.
(USA)

1986-1992

205?

Colon cancer risk

fruit juices

Of all fruits items examined individually, none were statistically significantly related to the risk of colon cancer (no data shown).

Age, energy.

Men:

Women:

HR = 1.03 (0.69-1.54) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.03 (0.68-1.55).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.03 (0.69-1.54).

HR = 1.38 (0.94-2.03) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.22 (0.78-1.89).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.38 (0.94-2.03).

Men:

Women:

HR = 0.69 (0.43-1.11) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.86 (0.55-1.36).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.69 (0.43-1.11).

HR = 0.86 (0.44-1.67) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.11 (0.54-2.25).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.86 (0.44-1.67).

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to colorectal cancer risk & mortality.

Fruit juice and colorectal cancer.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our dietto colorectal cancer risk & mortality.

Fruit juice and colorectal cancer.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to colorectal cancer risk & mortality.