| 31) Butler LM (2008) | The Singapore Chinese Health Study. | 61,321 men and women aged 45-74. | 9.8
(1993-98 to 2005) | 961 | Colorectal cancer incidence | Fruit (including apple, papaya, pear, honeydew) | HR = 0.89 (0.72-1.09; P = 0.46) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. | Age, sex, dialect group, interview year, diabetes, smoking history, BMI, alcohol intake, education, any weekly physical activity, first-degree relative diagnosed with colorectal cancer, and total daily energy intake. |
| 27) George SM (2008) | The National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. | 195,229 women and 288,109 men aged 50-71.
(USA) | 1995-2003 | 1,618 women, and 3,421 men | Colorectal cancer incidence | Fruit |
| Women: | Men: |
RR = 0.93 (0.79-1.09; P = 0.656) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (range of intake [cup equivalents/1000 kcal]):
0-0.60: RR = 1.
0.60-0.97: RR = 0.93 (0.80-1.09).
0.97-1.35: RR = 0.81 (0.69-0.95).
1.35-1.90: RR = 0.96 (0.82-1.13).
1.90-5.58: RR = 0.93 (0.79-1.09).
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RR = 0.94 (0.84-1.05; P = 0.211) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (range of intake [cup equivalents/1000 kcal]):
0-0.44: RR = 1.
0.44-0.75: RR = 0.96 (0.86-1.06).
0.75-1.09: RR = 0.91 (0.82-1.02).
1.09-1.59: RR = 0.86 (0.77-0.97).
1.59-5.13: RR = 0.94 (0.84-1.05).
|
1 cup = 237 mL. One cup is 1 cup of raw/cooked fruit, 1 cup of 100% juice, or 0.5 cup of dried fruit.Age, smoking, energy intake, BMI, alcohol, physical activity, education , race, marital status, family history, menopausal hormone therapy (women), and vegetable intake. |
| 23) Lin J. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 36,976 women aged > or = 45 years.
(USA) | 10 | 222 | colorectal cancer risk | Fruits (apples, apple juice, avocado, banana, blue berries, cantaloupe, grape fruit juice, grape fruit, orange juice, oranges, other juice, peaches, prunes, raisins, and strawberries) |
RR = 0.79 (0.48-1.30; P = 0.27) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.6: RR = 1.
1.3: RR = 0.67 (0.42-1.06).
1.9: RR = 1.00 (0.65-1.55).
2.6: RR = 0.88 (0.55-1.39).
3.8: RR = 0.79 (0.48-1.30). | age, randomized treatment assignment, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colon polyps, physical activity, smoking status, baseline aspirin use, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, menopausal status, baseline post-menopausal HT use, folate intake and multivitamin use. Glycemic load in the multivariate model did not change the overall results. |
| 20) Sanjoaquin MA. (2004) | The Oxford Vegetarian Study. | 10,998 vegetarian and nonvegetarian men and women aged 16-89.
(UK) | 17
(1980-84 to 1999) | 91 | colorectal cancer risk | Fresh or dried fruit (not defined) |
RR = 0.60 (0.35-1.02; P = 0.631) for the highest vs the lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times/week):
< : RR = 1.
5-9: RR = 0.59 (0.36-0.98).
10+: RR = 0.60 (0.35-1.02). | age, sex, alcohol and smoking |
| 18) Bueno-de-Mesquita HB (2002) | The EPIC Study. | 123,017 men and 283,422 women from 9 European countries. | 3.3 for men, 4.4 for women
(1993-99 to 2001) | 773 | Colorectal cancer risk | Fruit (not defined) |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 0.79 (P = 0.15) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
0-68: HR = 1.
68-124: HR = 0.66.
124-194: HR = 0.82.
194-312: HR = 1.01.
312+: HR = 0.79.
|
HR = 0.86 (P = 0.53) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
0-114: HR = 1.
114-186: HR = 0.72.
186-263: HR = 0.80.
263-372: HR = 0.93.
372+: HR = 0.86.
|
Stratified by centre and age. Adjusted for weight, height, smoking, physical activity at work, intake of energy, intake of ethanol, and vegetables. |
| 17) Flood A. (2002) | The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP). | 45,490 women.
(USA) | 8.5-8.7
(1987-89 to 1995-98) | 485? | colorectal cancer risk | Fruit (defined as: apples, applesauce, and pears; cantaloupe; grapefruit; orange juice and grapefruit juice; oranges) |
RR = 1.15 (0.86-1.53) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per 1000 kJ/day):
< 0.09: RR = 1.
0.10-0.17: RR = 0.97 (0.72-1.29).
0.18-0.25: RR = 0.91 (0.67-1.23).
0.26-0.37: RR = 1.14 (0.86-1.52).
0.38: RR = 1.15 (0.86-1.53).
No significant interactions were identified between use of NSAIDs, red meat intake, grain intake, alcohol intake, physical activity, body mass index, height, age group, or smoking status and fruit intake (data not shown). | Energy, multivitamin supplement use, BMI, height, use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, smoking status, education level, physical activity, and intakes of grains, red meat, calcium, vitamin D, alcohol and vegetables. |
| 16) Tiemersma EW (2002) | The Monitoring Project on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. | More than 36,000 men and women aged 20-59 from 3 Dutch towns.
(Nested case-control) | 8.5
(1987-91 to 1998) | 102 | Colorectal cancer incidence | Fruit (not defined) | No significant difference in consumption was found between cases (1.0 piece/day) and controls (1.0 piece/day). | Unadjusted. |
| 14) Schoen RE. (1999) | Cohort I from The Cardiovascular Health Study. | 5,201 aged ≥ 65.
(USA) | 1989-90 to 1996 | 93 | Colorectal cancer risk | Fruit (not defined) | HR = 1.2 (No 95% CI; P = 0.43) for consumption > 7 vs ≤ 7 servings/wk. | Univariate analyses. |
| 13) Pietinen P. (1999) | The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC Study). | 27,111 male smokers aged 50-69.
(Finland) | 8
(until 1995) | 185 | colorectal cancer risk | Fruit (not defined) |
RR = 1.1 (0.8-1.7; P = 0.64) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g):
30: RR = 1.
82: RR = 1.0 (0.6-1.4).
132: RR = 0.9 (0.6-1.4).
216: RR = 1.1 (0.8-1.7). | smoking years, BMI, alcohol, education, and physical activity and work, and calcium intake |
| 11) Kato I. (1997) | The New York University Women's Health Study. | 14,727 women aged 34-65.
(USA) | 7.1
(1985-91 to 1994) | 100? | Colorectal cancer risk | Fruits (not defined) |
RR = 1.49 (0.82-2.70; P = 0.084) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.90 (0.45-1.78).
Q3: RR = 1.20 (0.66-2.27).
Q4: RR = 1.49 (0.82-2.70). | Total calories, age, place of enrollment and education. Other factors e.g., race, religion, BMI, height, and aspirin use in the past 4 weeks were not associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. |
Prospective studies of total fruit and total colorectal cancer risk:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 21) Khan MM. (2004) | No cohort name. | 1,524 men and 1,634 women aged ≥ 40 living in Hokkaido, Japan. | 1984-2002 | 15 men, 14 women? | Colorectal cancer mortality | Fruit (not defined) | Men: A nonsignificantly decreased risk: RR = 0.4 (0.1-1.5; No P-value).
Women: RR = 0.5 (0.1-3.8; No P-value).
RRs are for consumption ≥ several times/wk vs ≤ several times/month. | Men: age and smoking. Women: age, health status, health education, health screening + smoking. |
| 19) Sauvaget C. (2003) | The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. | 38,540 subjects (14,873 men, and 23,667 women) aged 34-103 who were atomic-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
(Japan) | 16
(1980-81 to 1998) | 226 | Colorectal cancer mortality | Total fruit (not defined) | No association. RR = 0.97 (0.73-1.29;P = 0.8141) for the highest vs the lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/wk: RR = 1.
2-4/wk: RR = 1.01 (0.75-1.36).
(almost) daily: RR = 0.97 (0.73-1.29). | green-yellow vegetables, sex, age, radiation dose, city, BMI, smoking status, alcohol habits, and education level. |
| 10) Appleby PN. (2002) | The Health Food Shoppers Study. | 10,741 subjects, aged 16-89 (4,325 men, 6,416 women. 8,675 non-smokers).
(UK) | 1973-79 to 1997 | 100 (40 men, and 60 women. 86 non-smokers) | Colorectal cancer mortality | Fresh fruit (not defined) |
| All subjects | Men | Women | Non-smokers |
RR = 0.88 (0.54-1.43; No P-value).
Additional adjustment for wholemeal bread, nuts/dried fruit, raw vegetable salads, and bran cereals: RR = 0.93 (0.55-1.56; No P-value). | RR = 0.67 (0.34-1.32; No P-value). | RR = 1.13 (0.55-2.32; No P-value). | RR = 0.81 (0.48-1.37; No P-value). |
RRs are for daily consumption vs less frequent consumption.Age at recruitment, sex, and smoking. |
| 10) Key TJ. (1996) | The Health Food Shoppers Study. | 10.771 (4.336 men and 6.435 women) aged > or = 16, recruited through health food shops, vegeterian societies, and magazines.
(UK) | 16.8
(1973-79 to 1995) | 62? (25 men, 37 women) | colorectal cancer mortality | fresh fruit (not defined) | RR = 0.71 (0.40-1.27; No P-value) for consumption at least daily vs < daily. | age, sex, and smoking |
| 2) Phillips RL. (1985) | The Adventist Health Study. | 25,493 white California Seventh-Day Adventists.
(USA) | 21
(1960-1980) | Not defined for this variable. For other foods: 136-146 cases. | Colorectal cancer mortality | Fruit (not defined) | No significant relationship was found with fatal colorectal cancer (no data shown). | Age and sex. |
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