| 21) Khan MM. (2004) | No cohort name. | 1,524 men and 1,634 women aged ≥ 40 living in Hokkaido, Japan. | 1984-2002 | 15 men, 14 women? | Colorectal cancer mortality | Green yellow vegetables (not defined) |
| Raw | Cooked |
Men: RR = 1.8 (0.5-6.2; No P-value).
Women: RR = 1.0 (0.3-3.4; No P-value). | Men: A nonsignificantly decreased risk: RR = 0.5 (0.1-1.4; No P-value).
Women: Not estimated due to 0 case in either of the 2 groups. |
RRs are for consumption ≥ several times/wk vs ≤ several times/month.Men: age and smoking. Women: age, health status, health education, health screening + smoking. |
| 19) Sauvaget C. (2003) | The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. | 38,540 subjects (14,873 men, and 23,667 women) aged 34-103 who were atomic-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
(Japan) | 16
(1980-81 to 1998) | 226 | Colorectal cancer mortality | Green-yellow vegetables containing > 1000 IU carotene/100 g. (such as pumpkin, carrots, spinach, lettuce, asparagus, parsley, etc.) | No association. RR = 1.10 (0.82-1.47;P = 0.5170) for the highest vs the lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/wk: RR = 1.
2-4/wk: RR = 1.04 (0.81-1.35).
(almost) daily: RR = 1.10 (0.82-1.47). | fruit, sex, age, radiation dose, city, BMI, smoking status, alcohol habits, and education level. |
| 5) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) | 552? (248 men, 304 women) | Colon cancer mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
Sex and age-adjusted RR for the lowest vs highest quartile of consumption: 1.89 (No 90% CI; P = 0.02553).
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
None: RR = 1.89.
1-3 times/month: RR = 1.24.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 1.17.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1.
Daily vs nondaily consumption (Sex and age-adjusted):
RR = 0.85 (90% CI = 0.73-0.99; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
The extend of risk reduction by daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables is much greater in daily meat consumers (RR = 0.21) than in non-daily meat consumers (RR = 0.94).
Daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables decreased mortality risk among daily meat eaters (daily = defined as: ≥ 4 times/wk).
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.06.
Meat: RR = 2.38.
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 0.68.
Alcohol: RR = 0.66. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 0.77.
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 0.36 (P for main effect only = < 0.05).
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 0.93 (P for main effect only = < 0.05). |
RRs of meat, green-yellow vegetables, and alcohol are for consumption > or = 4 times/wk. RR of smoking is for daily smoking. No reference groups are defined.
Definitions: Meat (beef, pork, chicken, ham/sausages, and other), and Alcohol (sake, shochu, beer, whiskey, and others).
See variables. |
| 5) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) | 563? (316 men, 247 women) | Rectal cancer mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
| Men & Women | Men | Women |
| RR = 1.05 (90% CI = 0.90-1.24; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk. |
RR = 1.19 (90% CI = 0.67-2.14; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
≤ 3 times/month: RR = 1.19 (0.67-2.14).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.97 (0.78-1.20).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
RR = 0.45 (90% CI = 0.14-1.41; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
≤ 3 times/month: RR = 0.45 (0.14-1.41).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.95 (0.74-1.21).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
Not defined (possibly only age).
Age and sex-adjusted for the RRs of associations with men & women combined. |
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