Legumes (pulses) and colorectal cancer.

Colon cancer risk: Data about colon cancer risk was provided by a pooled analysis of 14 cohorts, and 1 additional cohort.
A nonsignificant protective effect was found in the single cohort, which was of small size (4), but no association was found in the pooled analysis (29).

Rectal cancer risk: Data about rectal cancer risk was provided by 4 cohorts. A protective effect was found in cohort of small size (4), but no associations were found in the remaining 3 cohorts (6, 9).

Colorectal cancer risk: Data from articles about 4 cohorts was not stratified by cancer site (though information about colon cancer was sometimes used by the pooled analysis: 17, 23). A significantly increased risk was found among women in one cohort (18). In addition, significantly increased risks with intermediate levels of consumption were found in two other cohorts (17, 27). No association was found in the remaining cohort (23) and no associations were found among men at any level of consumption.

Mortality: Data about colon/rectal cancer mortality was provided by 1 cohort only (22). A significantly increased colon, and rectal cancer mortality risk among men, but not women was found from boiled beans consumption.

Conclusion: Inconsistent findings were done relating legumes to various cancer end points, but no evidence was found to support the label of an association.

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Men:

Women:

RR = 0.95 (0.83-1.08; P = 0.85) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (median intake in servings/1,000 kcal/day):
0.08: RR = 1.
0.17: RR = 0.89 (0.78-1.02).
0.27: RR = 0.91 (0.79-1.04).
0.40: RR = 0.92 (0.80-1.05).
0.69: RR = 0.95 (0.83-1.09).

RR = 1.13 (0.91-1.40; P = 0.22) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (median intake in servings/1,000 kcal/day):
0.09: RR = 1.
0.19: RR = 1.07 (0.86-1.32).
0.30: RR = 1.18 (0.95-1.45).
0.45: RR = 1.28 (1.05-1.58).
0.81: RR = 1.13 (0.91-1.40).

Colorectal cancer:

Distal colon cancer:

RR = 0.83 (0.54-1.28; P = 0.19) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.2: RR = 0.66 (0.43-1.01).
0.4: RR = 0.90 (0.59-1.38).
0.5: RR = 0.95 (0.66-1.38).
0.9: RR = 0.83 (0.54-1.28).

RR = 0.56 (0.26-1.19; P = 0.05) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.2: RR = 0.68 (0.35-1.34).
0.4: RR = 1.15 (0.61-2.16).
0.5: RR = 0.62 (0.32-1.20).
0.9: RR = 0.56 (0.26-1.19).

Men:

Women:

HR = 0.95 (P = 0.82) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/d):
0-1: HR = 1.
1-3: HR = 0.82.
3-8: HR = 0.79.
8-23: HR = 0.88.
23+: HR = 0.95.

HR = 1.66 (P = 0.03) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/d):
0-1: HR = 1.
1-5: HR = 1.37.
5-11: HR = 1.56.
11-26: HR = 1.53.
26+: HR = 1.66.

Colon cancer risk:

Men

Women

RR = 1.13 (0.77-1.64; P = 0.41) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
11: RR = 1.
22: RR = 0.95 (0.65-1.40).
30: RR = 0.83 (0.55-1.25).
40: RR = 1.02 (0.69-1.51).
62: RR = 1.13 (0.77-1.64).

RR = 0.79 (0.52-1.20; P = 0.58) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
10: RR = 1.
18: RR = 0.65 (0.42-1.00).
26: RR = 1.02 (0.68-1.51).
37: RR = 0.86 (0.57-1.29).
58: RR = 0.79 (0.52-1.20).

Rectal cancer risk:

Men

Women

RR = 0.92 (0.58-1.47; P = 0.97) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
11: RR = 1.
22: RR = 0.89 (0.56-1.42).
30: RR = 0.90 (0.56-1.46).
40: RR = 1.07 (0.67-1.69).
62: RR = 0.92 (0.58-1.47).

RR = 1.01 (0.53-1.94; P = 0.59) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
10: RR = 1.
18: RR = 1.07 (0.57-2.00).
26: RR = 1.40 (0.77-2.57).
37: RR = 1.44 (0.79-2.62).
58: RR = 1.01 (0.53-1.94).

Stratified on family history of colon cancer:

No family history

Positive family history

RR = 1.0 (0.7-1.5; P = 0.9) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 2: RR = 1.
2.1-3.5: RR = 1.1 (0.8-1.6).
> 3.5: RR = 1.0 (0.7-1.5).

RR = 1.5 (0.8-2.7; P = 0.2) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 2: RR = 1.
2.1-3.5: RR = 1.2 (0.6-2.4).
> 3.5: RR = 1.5 (0.8-2.7).

Colon:

Proximal colon:

Distal colon:

RR = 0.95 (0.66-1.36) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/week):
0: RR = 1.
0.5: RR = 0.72 (0.52-0.98).
≥ 1.0: RR = 0.95 (0.66-1.36).

RR = 1.27 (0.74-2.18) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/week):
0: RR = 1.
0.5: RR = 0.73 (0.44-1.20).
≥ 1.0: RR = 1.27 (0.74-2.18).

RR = 0.75 (0.46-1.22) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/week):
0: RR = 1.
0.5: RR = 0.66 (0.44-0.99).
≥ 1.0: RR = 0.75 (0.46-1.22).

Colon cancer risk:

Women

Men

RR = 1.28 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 1.19.
2: RR = 1.25.
3: RR = 1.25.
≥ 4: RR = 1.28.

RR = 0.97 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 1.14.
2: RR = 0.88.
3: RR = 1.02.
≥ 4: RR = 0.97.

(colon cancer):

No vitamin supplement users

Vitamin supplement users

Men + women combined: RR = 1.52 (0.91-2.54) for 1 additional serving/day.

Women: RR = 1.55 (1.04-2.31) for 1 additional serving/day.
Men: RR = 0.65 (0.37-1.16) for 1 additional serving/day.

men + women combined (colon cancer):

Never smokers

Ever smokers

RR = 0.98 (0.60-1.62) for 1 additional serving/day.

RR = 1.34 (0.93-1.95) for 1 additional serving/day.

Rectal cancer risk:

Women

Men

RR = 1.14 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 0.99.
2: RR = 1.11.
3: RR = 1.21.
≥ 4: RR = 1.14.

RR = 1.72 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 1.91.
2: RR = 0.93.
3: RR = 0.76.
≥ 4: RR = 1.72.

Men:

Women:

HR = 1.53 (1.04-2.25; P = < 0.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.19 (0.82-1.73).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.53 (1.04-2.25).

HR = 1.05 (0.72-1.53) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.92 (0.63-1.33).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.05 (0.72-1.53).

Men:

Women:

HR = 1.59 (1.03-2.48; P = < 0.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.99 (0.63-1.57).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.59 (1.03-2.48).

HR = 0.75 (0.39-1.44) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.46 (0.22-0.96; P = < 0.05).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.75 (0.39-1.44).

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to colorectal cancer risk & mortality.

Legumes (pulses) and colorectal cancer.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our dietto colorectal cancer risk & mortality.

Legumes (pulses) and colorectal cancer.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to colorectal cancer risk & mortality.