| 9) Voorrips LE. (2000) | The Netherlands Cohort Study. | 62,573 women and 58,279 men aged 55-69.
(The Netherlands) | 6.3
(1986-1992) | 578? colon (312 men, 266 women), and 314? rectal (199 men, 115 women) | Colorectal cancer risk | Mushrooms |
Stratified by cancer site
| Colon cancer | Rectal cancer |
Men: RR = 0.97
Women: RR = 1.02 | Men: RR = 1.02
Women: RR = 1.70 |
RRs are for an increment of 25 g/day.Age, family history of colorectal cancer, alcohol, and items in the cooked vegetable group, raw vegetable group, and fruit group. Total energy intake, smoking, physical activity, and BMI were evaluated as potential confounders. |
| 6) Michels KB. (2000) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 88,764 women aged 34-59 and 47,325 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | Women: 16
(1980-1996).
Men: 10
(1986-1996) | 1,181?
(937 colon cancer [368 men, 569 women], 244 rectal cancer [89 men, 155 women]) | Colorectal cancer risk | Mushrooms | Intake of individual vegetables that constitute the composite items was not appreciably associated with colon or rectal cancer risk in women or men (No data data shown). | age, family history of colorectal cancer, sigmoidoscopy, height, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, (women: menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use,) aspirin use, vitamin supplement intake (ever use of multivitamins or vitamins A, C, or E), total caloric intake, and red meat consumption. |
| 6) Giovannucci E. (1994) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. | 47,949 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | 1986-1992 | 205? | Colon cancer risk | Mushrooms | Of all vegetable items examined individually, none were statistically significantly related to the risk of colon cancer (no data shown). | Age, energy. |
Prospective studies of mushrooms and colorectal cancer mortality:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 22) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 42,778 men, and 58,891 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 199 men, and
197 women. | Colon mortality | Fungi (enokidake, shiitake, mushrooms) |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 0.89 (0.58-1.38) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/2: HR = 1.28 (0.90-1.38).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.89 (0.58-1.38).
|
HR = 1.24 (0.84-1.84) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/2: HR = 1.21 (0.83-1.77).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.24 (0.84-1.84).
|
Age and study area. |
| 22) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 42,778 men, and 58,891 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 152 men, and
79 women. | Rectal cancer mortality | Fungi (enokidake, shiitake, mushrooms) |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 1.26 (0.75-2.12) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/2: HR = 1.84 (1.19-2.84; P = < 0.01).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.26 (0.75-2.12).
|
HR = 2.03 (1.03-3.97; P = < 0.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/2: HR = 1.44 (0.72-2.87).
≥ 3/w: HR = 2.03 (1.03-3.97).
|
Age and study area. |
| 22) Kojima M (2004) | The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC). | 107,824 (45,181 men and 62,643 women) aged 40-79. | 9.9.
(1988-90 to 1999) | 212 colon (98 men, and 114 women), and 117 rectal (82 men, and 37 women) | Colorectal cancer mortality | Mushrooms (not defined) |
Colon cancer:
| Men | Women |
HR = 0.92 (0.52-1.61; P = 0.97) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption
Amount specific data (times of consumption):
0-2 per month: HR = 1.
1-2 per week: HR = 1.48 (0.94-2.32).
3-7 per week: HR = 0.92 (0.52-1.61).
|
HR = 0.95 (0.59-1.54; P = 0.54) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption
Amount specific data (times of consumption):
0-2 per month: HR = 1.
1-2 per week: HR = 1.13 (0.72-1.77).
3-7 per week: HR = 0.95 (0.59-1.54).
|
Rectal cancer:
| Men | Women |
HR = 1.08 (0.60-1.96; P = 0.89) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption
Amount specific data (times of consumption):
0-2 per month: HR = 1.
1-2 per week: HR = 1.47 (0.89-2.43).
3-7 per week: HR = 1.08 (0.60-1.96).
|
HR = 2.29 (0.88-5.93; P = 0.12) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption
Amount specific data (times of consumption):
0-2 per month: HR = 1.
1-2 per week: HR = 2.08 (0.81-5.34).
3-7 per week: HR = 2.29 (0.88-5.93).
|
Age, family history of colorectal cancer, BMI, alcohol, smoking status, walking time, and education. Stratified by regions of enrollment. |
| 21) Khan MM. (2004) | No cohort name. | 1,524 men and 1,634 women aged ≥ 40 living in Hokkaido, Japan. | 1984-2002 | 15 men, 14 women? | Colorectal cancer mortality | Mushroom | Men: RR = 0.9 (0.3-2.6; No P-value).
Women: RR = 1.3 (0.4-3.8; No P-value).
RRs are for consumption ≥ several times/wk vs ≤ several times/month. | Men: age and smoking. Women: age, health status, health education, health screening + smoking. |
| | | |