| 9) Voorrips LE. (2000) | The Netherlands Cohort Study. | 62,573 women and 58,279 men aged 55-69.
(The Netherlands) | 6.3
(1986-1992) | 611? colon (331 men, 280 women), and 334? rectal (215 men, 119 women) | Colorectal cancer risk | Orange/grapefruit juice |
Stratified by cancer site
| Colon cancer | Rectal cancer |
Men: RR = 1.00
Women: RR = 0.99 | Men: RR = 0.87
Women: RR = 1.07 |
RRs are for an increment of 25 g/day.Age, family history of colorectal cancer, alcohol, and items in the cooked vegetable group, raw vegetable group, and fruit group. Total energy intake, smoking, physical activity, and BMI were evaluated as potential confounders. |
| 6) Michels KB. (2000) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 88,764 women aged 34-59 and 47,325 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | Women: 16
(1980-1996).
Men: 10
(1986-1996) | 1,181?
(937 colon cancer [368 men, 569 women], 244 rectal cancer [89 men, 155 women]) | Colorectal cancer risk | Grapefruit juice, or orange juice | Intake of individual fruits that constitute the composite items was not appreciably associated with colon or rectal cancer risk in women or men (No data shown). | age, family history of colorectal cancer, sigmoidoscopy, height, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, (women: menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use,) aspirin use, vitamin supplement intake (ever use of multivitamins or vitamins A, C, or E), total caloric intake, and red meat consumption. |
| 6) Willet WC (1990) | The Nurses' Health Study. | 88,751 women aged 34-59. | 6
(1980-86) | 150? | Colon cancer incidence
(only invasive adenocarcinoma) | Orange juice | Not appreciably associated with risk (no data shown). | Age. |
|