Prospective studies of potatoes and colorectal cancer risk:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 29) Koushik A. (2007) | Pooled Analysis of 13 Cohort Studies. | 729,230 subjects. | 6-20 years | 5,504 | Colon cancer risk | Potatoes |
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- Publication of a diet and cancer association.
- Diagnosis of at least 50 incident colorectal cancer cases.
- Assessment of usual diet.
- Conduct of a validation study of the dietary assessment method or a closely related instrument.
INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of colon cancer cases).
In the analysis, an extended follow-up period for most of the studies was included:
- The Adventist Health Study. (1976-1982/52 men, 67 women)
Singh PN, Fraser GE. Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Oct 15;148(8):761-74. Full text
- The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (Not included: Reference [1984-1999/187 men]).
Pietinen P, Malila N, Virtanen M, Hartman TJ, Tangrea JA, Albanes D. Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control. 1999 Oct;10(5):387-96. Abstract
- The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. (1992-1999/467 men, 349 women)
McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Chao A, Jacobs EJ, Stampfer MJ, Jacobs DR. A prospective study of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and colon cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2003 Dec;14(10):959-70. Abstract
- The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. (1986-2000/456 men)
Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text
- The Netherlands Cohort Study. (1986-1993/393 men, 353 women)
Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, van Poppel G, Sturmans F, Hermus RJ, van den Brandt PA. Vegetable and fruit consumption and risks of colon and rectal cancer in a prospective cohort study: The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Dec 1;152(11):1081-92. Full text
- The New York State Cohort. (1980-1987/335 men, 223 women)
Bandera EV, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zielezny M, Priore RL, Brasure J. Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in the New York State Cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):828-40. Abstract
- The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-up Study. (1987-1999/349 women)
Flood A, Velie EM, Chaterjee N, Subar AF, Thompson FE, Lacey JV Jr. Fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 May;75(5):936-43. Full text
- The Canadian National Breast Screening Study. (1980-2000/431 women)
Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR, Rohan TE. Dietary intake of folic acid and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of women. Int J Cancer. 2002 Feb 20;97(6):864-7. Abstract
- The Iowa Women's Health Study. (1986-2001/799 women)
Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD. Vegetables, and fruit colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Jan 1;139(1):1-15. Abstract
- The New York University Women's Health Study. (1985-1998/96 women)
Kato I, Akhmedkhanov A, Koenig K, Toniolo PG, Shore RE, Riboli E. Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study. Nutr Cancer. 1997;28(3):276-81. Abstract
- The Nurses' Health Study A + B. (A = 1980-1986/162 women. B = 1986-2000/429 women)
Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text
- The Prospective Study on Hormones, Diet and Breast Cancer. (1987-2001/ 43 women)
Sieri S, Krogh V, Muti P, Micheli A, Pala V, Crosignani P. Fat and protein intake and subsequent breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Nutr Cancer. 2002;42(1):10-7. Abstract
- The Swedish Mammography Cohort. (1987-2003/484 women)
Terry P, Giovannucci E, Michels KB, Bergkvist L, Hansen H, Holmberg L. Fruit, vegetables, dietary fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Apr 4;93(7):525-33. Full text
- The Women's Health Study. (1993-2003/163 women)
Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Rexrode KM, Liu S, Manson JE. Dietary intakes of fruit, vegetables, and fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005 Apr;16(3):225-33. Abstract
RELATIVE RISK:
RR = 1.02 (0.86-1.21; P = 0.05) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
0: RR = 1.
> 0 to < 1/wk: RR = 0.87 (0.75-1.02).
1/wk to < 0.5/day: RR = 0.89 (0.77-1.04).
≥ 0.5/day: RR = 1.02 (0.86-1.21).
One serving = 1 potato or 1 cup.
The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study was not included in this analysis because there were no cases in the reference group. | BMI; height; education; physical activity; family history of colorectal cancer; postmenopausal hormone use; oral contraceptive use; use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; multivitamin use; smoking habits (never/past/current + amount); red meat; total milk; alcohol; and total energy. Age in years and year of questionnaire return were included as stratification variables. |
| 23) Lin J. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 36,976 women aged > or = 45 years.
(USA) | 10 | 223 (91 proximal colon, 81 distal colon, 46 rectum, 5 undesignated colon) | colorectal cancer risk | Potatoes (potatoes, french fries, potato chips) |
RR = 1.21 (0.76-1.92; P = 0.80) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.3: RR = 1.30 (0.85-1.97).
0.4: RR = 1.34 (0.90-2.00).
0.6: RR = 1.07 (0.66-1.72).
1.0: RR = 1.21 (0.76-1.92).
No association with proximal colon cancer risk.
No relationship with rectal cancer was assessed due to the small number of cases. | age, randomized treatment assignment, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colon polyps, physical activity, smoking status, baseline aspirin use, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, menopausal status, baseline post-menopausal HT use, folate intake and multivitamin use. Glycemic load in the multivariate model did not change the overall results. |
| 17) Flood A. (2002) | The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP). | 45,490 women.
(USA) | 8.5-8.7
(1987-89 to 1995-98) | 485? | colorectal cancer risk | potatoes |
RR = 0.82 (0.65-1.15) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per 1000 kJ/day):
0.009: RR = 1.
0.029: RR = 0.95 (0.72-1.25).
0.054: RR = 0.85 (0.63-1.12).
0.084: RR = 1.08 (0.84-1.44).
0.142: RR = 0.82 (0.65-1.15). | Energy, multivitamin supplement use, BMI, height, use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, smoking status, education level, physical activity, and intakes of fruit, grains, red meat, calcium, vitamin D, and alcohol. |
| 15) Mucci LA. (2006) | The Swedish Mammography Cohort. | 61,467 women.
(Sweden) | 1987-90 to 2003 | 504? colon, and
237? rectal. | Colorectal cancer risk | Pan-fried potatoes |
| Colon cancer | Rectal cancer |
RR = 1.1 (0.9-1.4; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (frequency):
Never: RR = 1.
1-3/month: RR = 1.1 (0.9-1.4).
≥ 1/week: RR = 1.1 (0.9-1.4).
|
RR = 1.1 (0.8-1.6; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (frequency):
Never: RR = 1.
1-3/month: RR = 1.0 (0.7-1.4).
≥ 1/week: RR = 1.1 (0.8-1.6).
|
Age at screening, BMI, education, alcohol intake, energy intake, saturated fat intake and fiber intake. |
| 15) Mucci LA. (2006) | The Swedish Mammography Cohort. | 61,467 women.
(Sweden) | 1987-90 to 2003 | 504? colon, and
237? rectal. | Colorectal cancer risk | Potato chips and French fries |
| Colon cancer | Rectal cancer |
RR = 0.9 (0.5-1.6; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (frequency):
Never: RR = 1.
1-3/month: RR = 0.9 (0.7-1.2).
≥ 1/week: RR = 0.9 (0.5-1.6).
|
RR = 0.9 (0.4-2.0; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (frequency):
Never: RR = 1.
1-3/month: RR = 0.7 (0.5-1.1).
≥ 1/week: RR = 0.9 (0.4-2.0).
|
Age at screening, BMI, education, alcohol intake, energy intake, saturated fat intake and fiber intake. |
| 11) Kato I. (1997) | The New York University Women's Health Study. | 14,727 women aged 34-65.
(USA) | 7.1
(1985-91 to 1994) | 100? | Colorectal cancer risk | Potatoes |
RR = 1.05 (0.62-1.79; P = 0.401) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.59 (0.31-1.12).
Q3: RR = 1.16 (0.69-1.97).
Q4: RR = 1.05 (0.62-1.79). | Total calories, age, place of enrollment and education. Other factors e.g., race, religion, BMI, height, and aspirin use in the past 4 weeks were not associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. |
| 8) Steinmetz KA. (1994) | The Iowa Women's Health Study. | 35,216 women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 5
(1986-1990) | 212?
(86 proximal, and 120 distal) | Colon cancer risk | Potatoes |
| Colon: | Proximal colon: | Distal colon: |
RR = 1.24 (0.76-2.04) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
≤ 0.5: RR = 1.
1.0: RR = 1.20 (0.74-1.93).
3.0: RR = 1.23 (0.79-1.90).
≥ 5.5: RR = 1.24 (0.76-2.04).
|
RR = 1.17 (0.59-2.32) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
≤ 0.5: RR = 1.
1.0: RR = 0.76 (0.38-1.53).
3.0: RR = 0.76 (0.41-1.42).
≥ 5.5: RR = 1.17 (0.59-2.32).
|
RR = 1.32 (0.63-2.78) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
≤ 0.5: RR = 1.
1.0: RR = 1.69 (0.84-3.43).
3.0: RR = 1.82 (0.94-3.50).
≥ 5.5: RR = 1.32 (0.63-2.78).
|
Age, energy. The effect of adjustment of the vegetable and fruit associations for the following factors was negligible: BMI, parity, age at first live birth, physical activity, smoking, education, history of polyps or colitis, and alcohol intake. |
| 6) Michels KB. (2000) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 88,764 women aged 34-59 and 47,325 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | Women: 16
(1980-1996).
Men: 10
(1986-1996) | Colon cancer: 937 (368 men, 569 women).
Rectal cancer: 244 (89 men, 155 women). | Colorectal cancer risk | Potatoes
(defined as: potatoes [mashed or baked], french fries, potato chips) FFq |
Colon cancer risk:
| Women | Men |
RR = 1.12 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-2: RR = 1.00.
3: RR = 1.02.
4: RR = 1.09.
≥ 5: RR = 1.12.
|
RR = 1.07 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-2: RR = 0.96.
3: RR = 1.36.
4: RR = 1.22.
≥ 5: RR = 1.07.
|
men + women combined (colon cancer):
| No vitamin supplement users | Vitamin supplement users |
| RR = 0.82 (0.55-1.24) for 1 additional serving/day. | RR = 0.96 (0.72-1.29) for 1 additional serving/day. |
men + women combined (colon cancer):
| Never smokers | Ever smokers |
| RR = 0.75 (0.49-1.13) for 1 additional serving/day. | RR = 1.09 (0.80-1.47) for 1 additional serving/day. |
Rectal cancer risk:
| Women | Men |
RR = 1.03 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-2: RR = 1.63.
3: RR = 1.05.
4: RR = 1.28.
≥ 5: RR = 1.03.
|
RR = 1.83 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-2: RR = 1.92.
3: RR = 1.50.
4: RR = 1.02.
≥ 5: RR = 1.83.
|
age, family history of colorectal cancer, sigmoidoscopy, height, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, (women: menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use,) aspirin use, vitamin supplement intake (ever use of multivitamins or vitamins A, C, or E), total caloric intake, and red meat consumption. |
| 3) Gerhardsson M (1988) | No cohort name. | 16,477 twin individuals.
(Sweden) | 14
(1969 to 1982) | Not defined. | Colon cancer risk
(adenocarcinomas) | Potatoes | No significant association with colon cancer risk (no data shown). | Not defined. Possibly unadjusted. |
Prospective studies of potatoes and colorectal cancer mortality:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 22) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 42,743 men, and 59,213 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 199 men, and
197 women. | Colon cancer mortality | Potatoes |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 1.44 (0.93-2.23; P = < 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/2: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.32 (0.85-2.05).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.44 (0.93-2.23).
|
HR = 1.86 (1.06-3.26; P = < 0.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/2: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.59 (0.89-2.85).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.86 (1.06-3.26).
|
Age and study area. |
| 22) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 42,743 men, and 59,213 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 155 men, and
77 women. | Rectal cancer mortality | Potatoes |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 1.13 (0.71-1.80) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/2: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.05 (0.66-1.67).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.13 (0.71-1.80).
|
HR = 1.61 (0.63-4.11) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/2: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.26 (0.47-3.38).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.61 (0.63-4.11).
|
Age and study area. |
| 21) Khan MM. (2004) | No cohort name. | 1,524 men and 1,634 women aged ≥ 40 living in Hokkaido, Japan. | 1984-2002 | 15 men, 14 women? | Colorectal cancer mortality | Potato | Men: RR = 0.8 (0.2-2.7; No P-value).
Women: Not estimated due to 0 case in either of the 2 groups.
RRs are for consumption ≥ several times/wk vs ≤ several times/month. | Men: age and smoking. Women: age, health status, health education, health screening + smoking. |
| 7) Thun MJ. (1992) | The Cancer Prevention Study II. | 764,343 adults (337,505 men, and 426,838 women) aged ≥ 30.
Nested case-control (matched by exact age, race, and sex).
(USA) | 1982-1988 | 1,150?
(611 men, and 539 women) | Colon cancer mortality | Potatoes | No decrease in risk was associated with potato consumption in either sex (no data shown). | Unadjusted! |
| 2) Phillips RL. (1985) | The Adventist Health Study. | 25,493 white California Seventh-Day Adventists.
(USA) | 21
(1960-1980) | Not defined for this variable. For other foods: 136-146 cases. | Colorectal cancer mortality | Potatoes | No significant relationship was found with fatal colorectal cancer (no data shown). | Age and sex. |
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