| 29) Koushik A. (2007) | Pooled Analysis of 12 Cohort Studies. | 720,203 subjects. | 6-20 years | 5,576 | Colon cancer risk | Tomatoes, tomato juice |
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- Publication of a diet and cancer association.
- Diagnosis of at least 50 incident colorectal cancer cases.
- Assessment of usual diet.
- Conduct of a validation study of the dietary assessment method or a closely related instrument.
INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of colon cancer cases).
In the analysis, an extended follow-up period for most of the studies was included:
- The Adventist Health Study. (1976-1982/52 men, 67 women)
Singh PN, Fraser GE. Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Oct 15;148(8):761-74. Full text
- The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. (1992-1999/467 men, 349 women)
McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Chao A, Jacobs EJ, Stampfer MJ, Jacobs DR. A prospective study of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and colon cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2003 Dec;14(10):959-70. Abstract
- The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. (1986-2000/456 men)
Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text
- The Netherlands Cohort Study. (1986-1993/393 men, 353 women)
Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, van Poppel G, Sturmans F, Hermus RJ, van den Brandt PA. Vegetable and fruit consumption and risks of colon and rectal cancer in a prospective cohort study: The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Dec 1;152(11):1081-92. Full text
- The New York State Cohort. (1980-1987/335 men, 223 women)
Bandera EV, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zielezny M, Priore RL, Brasure J. Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in the New York State Cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):828-40. Abstract
- The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-up Study. (1987-1999/349 women)
Flood A, Velie EM, Chaterjee N, Subar AF, Thompson FE, Lacey JV Jr. Fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 May;75(5):936-43. Full text
- The Canadian National Breast Screening Study. (1980-2000/431 women)
Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR, Rohan TE. Dietary intake of folic acid and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of women. Int J Cancer. 2002 Feb 20;97(6):864-7. Abstract
- The Iowa Women's Health Study. (1986-2001/799 women)
Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD. Vegetables, and fruit colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Jan 1;139(1):1-15. Abstract
- The New York University Women's Health Study. (1985-1998/96 women)
Kato I, Akhmedkhanov A, Koenig K, Toniolo PG, Shore RE, Riboli E. Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study. Nutr Cancer. 1997;28(3):276-81. Abstract
- The Nurses' Health Study A + B. (A = 1980-1986/162 women. B = 1986-2000/429 women)
Michels KB, Edward Giovannucci, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Nov 1;92(21):1740-52. Full text
- The Swedish Mammography Cohort. (1987-2003/484 women)
Terry P, Giovannucci E, Michels KB, Bergkvist L, Hansen H, Holmberg L. Fruit, vegetables, dietary fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Apr 4;93(7):525-33. Full text
- The Women's Health Study. (1993-2003/163 women)
Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Rexrode KM, Liu S, Manson JE. Dietary intakes of fruit, vegetables, and fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005 Apr;16(3):225-33. Abstract
RELATIVE RISK:
RR = 0.93 (0.81-1.07; P = 0.89) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
0: RR = 1.
> 0 to < 1/wk: RR = 0.94 (0.84-1.05).
1/wk to < 0.5/day: RR = 0.88 (0.79-0.99).
≥ 0.5/day: RR = 0.93 (0.81-1.07).
One serving = 1 tomato, or 4 oz tomato juice. | BMI; height; education; physical activity; family history of colorectal cancer; postmenopausal hormone use; oral contraceptive use; use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; multivitamin use; smoking habits (never/past/current + amount); red meat; total milk; alcohol; and total energy. Age in years and year of questionnaire return were included as stratification variables. |
| 27) Park Y. (2007) | The NIH-AARP Diet And Health Study. | 488,043 (291,094 men and 196,949 women) aged 50-71.
(USA) | 4,3
(1996-2000) | 2,972? (2,048 men and 924 women) | colorectal cancer risk | Tomatoes |
| Men: | Women: |
RR = 0.94 (0.82-1.08; P = 0.40) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median intake in servings/1,000 kcal/day):
0.11: RR = 1.
0.20: RR = 0.95 (0.83-1.09).
0.27: RR = 0.94 (0.82-1.07).
0.37: RR = 0.91 (0.79-1.05).
0.61: RR = 0.94 (0.82-1.08).
|
RR = 1.01 (0.82-1.24; P = 0.84) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median intake in servings/1,000 kcal/day):
0.12: RR = 1.
0.21: RR = 1.08 (0.88-1.32).
0.30: RR = 0.89 (0.72-1.11).
0.41: RR = 1.14 (0.93-1.39).
0.68: RR = 1.01 (0.82-1.24). |
One serving = 1/2 cup (1 cup = 237 mL).education, physical activity, smoking (smoking/past/current. And < or = 20 vs > 20 cigarettes/day), alcohol, red meat, dietary calcium, total energy |
| 25) Tsubono Y. (2005) | Cohort II from The JPHC Study. | 48,552 subjects 40-69 years (23,180 men and 25,372 women). | 6
(1993-99) | No data shown. | Colorectal cancer risk | Tomatoes | No significant relations with risk of colon or rectal cancer (no data shown). | sex, age, public health centre area, BMI, frequency of sports, smoking, alcohol consumption, vitamin supplement use, energy, cereals, meat, and fish by each cohort. |
| 24) Sato Y. (2005) | The Miyagi Cohort Study. | 47,605 subjects (22,836 men and 24,769 women) aged 40-64.
(Japan) | 1990-1997 | Colon: 165?
Rectal: 110? | Colon, and rectal cancer risk | Tomatoes | No significant correlation was found with colon, and rectal cancer risk (No data shown). | Sex, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, education, family history of cancer, walking time, and meat consumption. |
| 23) Lin J. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 36,976 women aged > or = 45 years.
(USA) | 10 | 223? | Colorectal cancer risk | Tomatoes | Intakes of individual vegetable items were found not appreciably to be associated with colorectal cancer risk (data not shown). | age, randomized treatment assignment, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colon polyps, physical activity, smoking status, baseline aspirin use, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, menopausal status, baseline post-menopausal HT use, folate intake and multivitamin use. Glycemic load in the multivariate model did not change the overall results. |
| 23) Lin J. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 36,976 women aged > or = 45 years.
(USA) | 10 | 223? | Colorectal cancer risk | Tomato juice | Intakes of individual vegetable items were found not appreciably to be associated with colorectal cancer risk (data not shown). | age, randomized treatment assignment, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colon polyps, physical activity, smoking status, baseline aspirin use, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, menopausal status, baseline post-menopausal HT use, folate intake and multivitamin use. Glycemic load in the multivariate model did not change the overall results. |
| 23) Lin J. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 36,976 women aged > or = 45 years.
(USA) | 10 | 223? | Colorectal cancer risk | Tomato sauce | Intakes of individual vegetable items were found not appreciably to be associated with colorectal cancer risk (data not shown). | age, randomized treatment assignment, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colon polyps, physical activity, smoking status, baseline aspirin use, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, menopausal status, baseline post-menopausal HT use, folate intake and multivitamin use. Glycemic load in the multivariate model did not change the overall results. |
| 17) Flood A. (2002) | The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP). | 45,490 women.
(USA) | 8.5-8.7
(1987-89 to 1995-98) | 485? | colorectal cancer risk | tomatoes |
RR = 0.98 (0.74-1.30) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per 1000 kJ/day):
< 0.001: RR = 1.
0.019: RR = 0.84 (0.3-1.13).
0.048: RR = 1.07 (0.81-1.40).
0.095: RR = 0.95 (0.72-1.26).
0.195: RR = 0.98 (0.74-1.30). | Energy, multivitamin supplement use, BMI, height, use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, smoking status, education level, physical activity, and intakes of fruit, grains, red meat, calcium, vitamin D, and alcohol. |
| 9)Voorrips LE. (2000) | The Netherlands Cohort Study. | 62,573 women and 58,279 men aged 55-69.
(The Netherlands) | 6.3
(1986-1992) | 578? colon (312 men, 266 women), and 314? rectal (199 men, 115 women) | Colorectal cancer risk | Tomatoes |
Stratified by cancer site
| Colon cancer | Rectal cancer |
Men: RR = 0.93
Women: RR = 1.18 | Men: RR = 1.11
Women: RR = 1.18 |
RRs are for an increment of 25 g/day.Age, family history of colorectal cancer, alcohol, and items in the cooked vegetable group, raw vegetable group, and fruit group. Total energy intake, smoking, physical activity, and BMI were evaluated as potential confounders. |
| 6) Lin J. (2006) | The Nurses's Health Study + The Health Professionals Follow Up Study. | 71,976 women and 35,425 men. (USA) | 10
(1990-2000) | 878 of which 701 colon (408 women, 293 men), and 177 rectal (90 women, 87 men) | Colorectal cancer risk | Tomatoes (including tomato juice, tomato sauce, and fresh tomato) |
| Women: | Men: |
RR = 1.02 (0.70-1.48; P = 0.81) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
0-2/wk: RR = 1.
3-4/wk: RR = 1.18 (0.92-1.52).
5-6/wk: RR = 1.22 (0.92-1.61).
1/day: RR = 1.06 (0.71-1.59).
≥ 2/day: RR = 1.02 (0.70-1.48).
|
RR = 1.23 (0.84-1.80; P = 0.31) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
0-2/wk: RR = 1.
3-4/wk: RR = 1.10 (0.83-1.46).
5-6/wk: RR = 1.11 (0.80-1.54).
1/day: RR = 1.10 (0.70-1.73).
≥ 2/day: RR = 1.23 (0.84-1.80).
|
Age, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colorectal polyps, prior sigmoidoscopy screening, physical activity, smoking status, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, total calcium intake, total folate intake, total fiber intake, aspirin use, and multivitamin use. Among women, multivariate models also included adjustment for postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. |
| 6) Michels KB. (2000) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 88,764 women aged 34-59 and 47,325 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | Women: 16
(1980-1996).
Men: 10
(1986-1996) | 1,181?
(937 colon cancer [368 men, 569 women], 244 rectal cancer [89 men, 155 women]) | Colorectal cancer risk | Tomato juice, tomato sauce, or tomatoes | Intake of individual vegetables that constitute the composite items was not appreciably associated with colon or rectal cancer risk in women or men (No data data shown). | age, family history of colorectal cancer, sigmoidoscopy, height, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, (women: menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use,) aspirin use, vitamin supplement intake (ever use of multivitamins or vitamins A, C, or E), total caloric intake, and red meat consumption. |
| 6) Giovannucci E. (1994) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. | 47,949 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | 1986-1992 | 205? | Colon cancer risk | Tomatoes, or tomato juice/sauce | Of all vegetable items examined individually, none were statistically significantly related to the risk of colon cancer (no data shown). | Age, energy. |
| 2) Singh PN. (1998) | The Adventist Health Study. | 32,051 non-Hispanic white cohort members aged ≥ 25.
(USA) | 6
(1977-1982) | Not defined for this variable. For other foods: 123-146 cases. | colon cancer risk (adenocarcinomas) | Tomatoes | Little evidence of an important association was found (no data shown). | Age, sex, BMI, physical activity, parental history of colon cancer, current smoking, past smoking, alcolhol consumption, and aspirin use. |
Prospective studies of tomatoes and colorectal cancer mortality:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 22) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 41,547 men, and 56,947 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 182 men, and
183 women. | Colon cancer mortality | Tomatoes |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 1.03 (0.70-1.52) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.93 (0.63-1.38).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.03 (0.70.1.52).
|
HR = 1.01 (0.69-1.49) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.05 (0.70-1.58).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.01 (0.69-1.49).
|
Age and study area. |
| 22) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 41,547 men, and 56,947 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 150 men, and
75 women. | Rectal cancer mortality | Tomatoes |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 0.72 (0.45-1.13) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.98 (0.65-1.49).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.72 (0.45-1.13).
|
HR = 1.27 (0.67-2.42) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.83 (0.40-1.74).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.27 (0.67-2.42).
|
Age and study area. |
| 22) Kojima M (2004) | The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC). | 107,824 (45,181 men and 62,643 women) aged 40-79. | 9.9.
(1988-90 to 1999) | 211 colon (98 men, and 113 women), and 124 rectal (89 men, and 35 women) | Colorectal cancer mortality | Tomatoes |
Colon cancer:
| Men | Women |
HR = 1.12 (0.61-2.07; P = 0.66) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times of consumption):
0-2 per week: HR = 1.
3-4 per week: HR = 1.30 (0.80-2.11).
Every day: HR = 1.12 (0.61-2.07).
|
HR = 0.73 (0.43-1.24; P = 0.23) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times of consumption):
0-2 per week: HR = 1.
3-4 per week: HR = 0.75 (0.46-1.22).
Every day: HR = 0.73 (0.43-1.24).
|
Rectal cancer:
| Men | Women |
HR = 0.83 (0.43-1.58; P = 0.16) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times of consumption):
0-2 per week: HR = 1.
3-4 per week: HR = 0.77 (0.44-1.36).
Every day: HR = 0.83 (0.43-1.58).
|
HR = 1.54 (0.64-3.68; P = 0.50) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption
Amount specific data (times of consumption):
0-2 per week: HR = 1.
3-4 per week: HR = 1.97 (0.90-4.29).
Every day: HR = 1.54 (0.64-3.68).
|
Age, family history of colorectal cancer, BMI, alcohol, smoking status, walking time, and education. Stratified by regions of enrollment. |
| 7) Thun MJ. (1992) | The Cancer Prevention Study II. | 764,343 adults (337,505 men, and 426,838 women) aged ≥ 30.
Nested case-control (matched by exact age, race, and sex).
(USA) | 1982-1988 | 1,150?
(611 men, and 539 women) | Colon cancer mortality | Tomatoes | Men: A reduced risk (no data shown).
Women: No decrease in risk (no data shown). | Unadjusted! |
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