| 31) Butler LM (2008) | The Singapore Chinese Health Study. | 61,321 men and women aged 45-74. | 9.8
(1993-98 to 2005) | 961 | Colorectal cancer incidence | Vegetables (including cauliflower, broccoli, carrots, green beans/peas, tung goo, tomatoes, corn, yin choi/po choi, kai lan, heat lettuce/Chinese lettuce, gum um/dried fungus, tou gay/tai tau nga, pak choy/siew pak choy, choi sum, white potatoes, fu kua/mo qua, watercress, head cabbage/wong nga pak, celery, kai choi, cucumber, other dark green leaves, gee choi) | HR = 0.98 (0.79-1.21; P = 0.72) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. | Age, sex, dialect group, interview year, diabetes, smoking history, BMI, alcohol intake, education, any weekly physical activity, first-degree relative diagnosed with colorectal cancer, and total daily energy intake. |
| 27) George SM (2008) | The National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. | 195,229 women and 288,109 men aged 50-71.
(USA) | 1995-2003 | 1,618 women, and 3,421 men | Colorectal cancer incidence | Vegetables (excluding potatoes) |
| Women: | Men: |
RR = 0.87 (0.74-1.02; P = 0.390) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (range of intake [cup equivalents/1000 kcal]):
0-0.56: RR = 1.
0.56-0.79: RR = 0.85 (0.73-0.99).
0.79-1.04: RR = 0.98 (0.85-1.14).
1.04-1.43: RR = 0.88 (0.76-1.03).
1.43-4.38: RR = 0.87 (0.74-1.02).
|
RR = 0.84 (0.75-0.93; P = 0.041) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (range of intake [cup equivalents/1000 kcal]):
0.06-0.44: RR = 1.
0.44-0.61: RR = 0.81 (0.73-0.90).
0.61-0.81: RR = 0.79 (0.71-0.88).
0.81-1.10: RR = 0.87 (0.79-0.97).
1.10-3.25: RR = 0.84 (0.75-0.93).
Never smokers:
When the analysis was restricted to never-smokers, the relation was attenuated and no longer significant (no data shown).
|
1 cup = 237 mL. One cup is 1 cup of raw/cooked vegetable, 1 cup of 100% juice, or 2 cups of raw leafy greens.Age, smoking, energy intake, BMI, alcohol, physical activity, education , race, marital status, family history, menopausal hormone therapy (women), and fruit intake. |
| 23) Lin J. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 36,976 women aged > or = 45 years.
(USA) | 10 | 223 (91 proximal colon, 81 distal colon, 46 rectum, 5 undesignated colon) | colorectal cancer risk | Vegetables (beans, beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cooked carrots, raw carrots, cauliflower, celery, red chili sauce, corn, eggplant, green pepper, iceberg lettuce, kale, mixed vegetables, cooked onions, raw onions, orange squash, peas, romaine lettuce, cooked spinach, raw spinach, string beans, soybeans, tofu, tomatoes, tomato juice, tomato sauce, yams/sweet potatoes) |
RR = 0.89 (0.56-1.41; P = 0.27) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
1.5: RR = 1.
2.5: RR = 0.84 (0.55-1.28).
3.4: RR = 0.86 (0.56-1.32).
4.5: RR = 0.76 (0.48-1.21).
6.8: RR = 0.89 (0.56-1.41).
| age, randomized treatment assignment, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colon polyps, physical activity, smoking status, baseline aspirin use, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, menopausal status, baseline post-menopausal HT use, folate intake and multivitamin use. Glycemic load in the multivariate model did not change the overall results. |
| 20) Sanjoaquin MA. (2004) | The Oxford Vegetarian Study. | 10,998 vegetarian and nonvegetarian men and women aged 16-89.
(UK) | 17
(1980-84 to 1999) | 95 | colorectal cancer risk | Total vegetables (not defined) |
RR = 0.86 (0.54-1.38; P = 0.415) for the highest vs the lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (tertiles not defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 0.53 (0.31-0.90).
T3: RR = 0.86 (0.54-1.38). | age, sex, alcohol and smoking |
| 18) Bueno-de-Mesquita HB (2002) | The EPIC Study. | 123,017 men and 283,422 women from 9 European countries. | 3.3 for men, 4.4 for women
(1993-99 to 2001) | 773 | Colorectal cancer risk | Vegetables (e.g. lettuce, chicory, green salad, endive, tomato, cucumber, gherkin, french bean, green beans, courgette, sweet pepper, carrots, swedes, cauliflower, broccoli, sauerkraut, Chines cabbage, white cabbage, onions, garlic, mushrooms, grain and pod vegetable, stalk vegetables and sprouts, mixed salad/mixed vegetables) |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 0.60 (P = 0.28) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
0-82: HR = 1.
82-124: HR = 0.82.
124-173: HR = 0.74.
173-252: HR = 0.79.
252+: HR = 0.60.
|
HR = 0.78 (P = 0.50) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
0-111: HR = 1.
111-164: HR = 0.81.
164-225: HR = 0.89.
225-316: HR = 0.78.
316+: HR = 0.78.
|
Stratified by centre and age. Adjusted for weight, height, smoking, physical activity at work, intake of energy, intake of ethanol, and fruit. |
| 17) Flood A. (2002) | The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP). | 45,490 women.
(USA) | 8.5-8.7
(1987-89 to 1995-98) | 485? | colorectal cancer risk | Vegetables (defined as: beans; broccoli; carrots; coleslaw, cabbage, and sauerkraut; collards and other greens; green salad; potatoes, except French fries; spinach; sweet potatoes; tomatoes; vegetable soup; beef stew and pot pie with carrots or other vegetables; chili with beans; spaghetti and other pasta with tomato sauce) |
RR = 0.95 (0.71-1.26) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per 1000 kJ/day):
< 0.32: RR = 1.
0.33-0.45: RR = 0.78 (0.59-1.04).
0.46-0.58: RR = 0.86 (0.65-1.14).
0.59-0.78: RR = 0.93 (0.70-1.22).
0.79: RR = 0.95 (0.71-1.26).
No significant interactions were identified between use of NSAIDs, red meat intake, grain intake, alcohol intake, physical activity, body mass index, height, age group, or smoking status and vegetable intake (data not shown). | Energy, multivitamin supplement use, BMI, height, use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, smoking status, education level, physical activity, and intakes of grains, red meat, calcium, vitamin D, alcohol and fruit. |
| 16) Tiemersma EW (2002) | The Monitoring Project on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. | More than 36,000 men and women aged 20-59 from 3 Dutch towns.
(Nested case-control) | 8.5
(1987-91 to 1998) | 102 | Colorectal cancer incidence | Vegetables (not defined) | No significant difference in consumption was found between cases (131.0 g/day) and controls (128.9 g/day). | Unadjusted. |
| 14) Schoen RE. (1999) | Cohort I from The Cardiovascular Health Study. | 5,201 aged ≥ 65.
(USA) | 1989-90 to 1996 | 93 | Colorectal cancer risk | Vegetables (not defined) | HR = 1.0 (No 95% CI; P = 0.95) for consumption > 7 vs ≤ 7 servings/wk. | Univariate analyses. |
| 13) Pietinen P. (1999) | The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC Study). | 27,111 male smokers aged 50-69.
(Finland) | 8
(until 1995) | 185 | colorectal cancer risk | Vegetables (not defined) |
RR = 1.2 (0.8-1.9; P = 0.46) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g):
44: RR = 1.
81: RR = 1.3 (0.8-1.9).
120: RR = 1.1 (0.7-1.7).
191: RR = 1.2 (0.8-1.9). | smoking years, BMI, alcohol, education, and physical activity and work, and calcium intake |
| 11) Kato I. (1997) | The New York University Women's Health Study. | 14,727 women aged 34-65.
(USA) | 7.1
(1985-91 to 1994) | 100? | Colorectal cancer risk | Vegetables (not defined) |
RR = 1.63 (0.92-2.89; P = 0.396) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.77 (1.01-3.11).
Q3: RR = 0.88 (0.46-1.70).
Q4: RR = 1.63 (0.92-2.89). | Total calories, age, place of enrollment and education. Other factors e.g., race, religion, BMI, height, and aspirin use in the past 4 weeks were not associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. |
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