| 8) Yamaji T (2008) | The JPHC Study | 38,790 men aged 45-74.
(Japan) | 7.7
(1995-98 to 2004) | 116 | Esophageal SCC risk | Green leafy vegetables (spinach, sweet pepper, Chinese chives, garland chrysanthemums, chingensai and mugwort) |
HR = 0.69 (0.43-1.09; P = 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
6: HR = 1.
16: HR = 0.73 (0.47-1.13).
34: HR = 0.69 (0.43-1.09). | Age, PHC area, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. |
| 7) Freedman ND (2007) | The NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study | 490,802 (292,898 men and 197,904 women).
(USA) | 5
(1995-96 to 2000) | ESCC: 103.
EAC: 213. | Esophageal cancer incidence | Dark green vegetables (Chenopodiaceae [raw spinach and cooked spinach]; and Cruciferae [broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, turnip, cabbage, coleslaw, collard, mustard and kale] |
| ESCC: | EAC: |
| HR = 0.73 (0.44-1.22) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption (tertiles not defined).
|
HR = 0.69 (0.48-0.99) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption (tertiles not defined).
|
Sex, age at entry into cohort, BMI, education, alcohol intake, cigarette-smoke-dose, vigorous physical activity, usual activity throughout the day and total energy. |
| 6) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 40,209 men, and 56,330 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 132 men, and
23 women. | Esophageal cancer mortality | Cabbage or head lettuce |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 0.96 (0.61-1.52) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.81 (0.52-1.27).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.96 (0.61-1.52).
|
HR = 0.97 (0.31-3.03) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 1.78 (0.68-4.68).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.97 (0.31-3.03).
|
Age and study area. |
| 6) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 43,850 men, and 60,169 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 147 men, and
26 women. | Esophageal cancer mortality | Spinach or Garland chrysanthemum |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 1.03 (0.68-1.56) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 1.00 (0.65-1.55).
≥ 5/w: HR = 1.03 (0.68-1.56).
|
HR = 0.71 (0.30-1.70) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.43 (0.14-1.33).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.71 (0.30-1.70).
|
Age and study area. |
| 5) González CA (2006) | The EPIC Study | 481,518 men and women aged 35-70 from 9 European countries (excluding Norway). | 6.5
(1992-98 to 1999-2002) | 65 | Oesophagus adenocarcinoma incidence | Leafy vegetables (borage, chard, endive, lettuce, spinach, thistle) |
HR = 0.35 (0.12-1.04; P = 0.07) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 0.82 (0.46-1.46).
T3: HR = 0.35 (0.12-1.04). | Stratified by center and age. Adjusted by sex, height, weight, education, tobacco smoking, cigarette smoking intensity, work and leisure physical activity, alcohol intakt, energy intake, red meat intake and processed meat intake. |
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