| 4) Sauvaget C. (2003) | The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. | 38,540 subjects (14,873 men, and 23,667 women) aged 34-103 who were atomic-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
(Japan) | 16
(1980-81 to 1998) | 80 | Oesophageal cancer mortality | Green-yellow vegetables containing > 1000 IU carotene/100 g. (such as pumpkin, carrots, spinach, lettuce, asparagus, parsley, etc.) | RR = 0.89 (0.48-1.63;P = 0.6348) for the highest vs the lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/wk: RR = 1.
2-4/wk: RR = 0.86 (0.52-1.41).
(almost) daily: RR = 0.89 (0.48-1.63). | fruit, sex, age, radiation dose, city, BMI, smoking status, alcohol habits, and education level. |
| 1) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) | 585? (438 men, 147 women) | Esophageal cancer mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
| Men & Women | Men | Women |
| RR = 1.06 (90% CI = 0.91-1.24; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk. |
RR = 3.48 (90% CI = 1.72-7.04; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
None: RR = 3.48 (1.72-7.04).
1-3 times/month: RR = 1.19 (0.73-1.96).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.87 (0.72-1.05).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
RR = 2.93 (90% CI = 0.70-12.30; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
None: RR = 2.93 (0.70-12.30).
1-3 times/month: RR = 1.16 (0.44-3.03).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.97 (0.70-1.34).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
Daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables decreased mortality risk among daily meat eaters (daily = defined as: ≥ 4 times/wk).
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.45.
Meat: RR = 2.18.
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 0.97.
Alcohol: RR = 0.99. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 1.72.
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 1.28.
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 1.00. |
RRs of meat, green-yellow vegetables, and alcohol are for consumption ≥ 4 times/wk. RR of smoking is for daily smoking. No reference groups are defined.
Definitions: Meat (beef, pork, chicken, ham/sausages, and other), and Alcohol (sake, shochu, beer, whiskey, and others).
Men who smoked daily + consumed alcohol and meat daily: Age-adjusted RR = 0.77 (No 90% CI; No P-value) for daily vs non-daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables
(daily consumption is defined as: consumption ≥ 4 times/wk for all dietary items).Not defined (possibly only age).
Age and sex-adjusted for the RRs of associations with men & women combined. |
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