| 24) Smith-Warner SA (2003) | Pooled analysis of prospective studies (6 for string beans or peas/lima beans, and 7 for mature beans/lentils). | 350,784 (string beans),
279,074 (peas/lima beans), and
423,510 (mature beans/lentils) | 6-16 (string beans, mature beans/lentils), or
7-16 (peas/lima beans) | 2,630 (string beans),
2,173 (peas/lima beans), or
2,867 (mature beans/lentils) | Lung cancer risk | String beans, peas/lima beans, and mature beans/lentils |
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- At least 50 incident lung cancer cases.
- Assessment of usual diet.
- Conduct of a validation of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument.
- Assessment of smoking habits.
INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of lung cancer cases):
- The Adventist Health Study. (1976-1982/31 men, 20 women)
Fraser GE, Beeson WL, Philips RL. Diet and lung cancer in California Seventh-day Adventists. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Apr 1;133(7):683-93. Abstract
- The Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study (Only the placebo group is included in this analysis). (1985-1996/298 men)
Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti. Alpha-Tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996 Nov 6;88(21):1560-70. Full text
- The Canadian National Breast Screening Study. (1980-1993/149 women)
Rohan TE, Jain M, Howe GR, Miller AB. A cohort study of dietary carotenoids and lung cancer risk in women (Canada). Cancer Causes Control. 2002 Apr;13(3):231-7. Abstract
- The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. (1986-1996/244 men)
Feskanich D, Ziegler RG, Michaud DS, Giovannucci EL, Speizer FE, Willet WC. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of lung cancer among men and women. J Natl Cancer Intst. 2000 Nov 15;92(22):1812-23. Full text
- The Iowa Women's Health Study. (1986-1996/433 women)
Steinmetz KA, Potter JD, Folsom AR. Vegetables, fruit, and lung cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Res. 1993 Feb 1;53(3):536-43. Full text
- The Netherlands Cohort Study. (1986-1992/843 men, 131 women)
Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, Verhoeven DT, van Poppel GA, Sturmans F, Hermus RJ. Vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2000 Feb;11(2):101-15. Abstract
- The New York State Cohort. (1980-1987/392 men, 130 women)
Bandera EV, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zielezny M, Priore RL, Basure J. Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in the New York State Cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):828-40. Abstract
- The Nurses' Health Study. A + B (A = 1980-1986/156 women. B = 1986-1996/379 women)
Feskanich D, Ziegler RG, Michaud DS, Giovannucci EL, Speizer FE, Willet WC. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of lung cancer among men and women. J Natl Cancer Intst. 2000 Nov 15;92(22):1812-23. Full text
RELATIVE RISK:
| String beans | Peas, lima beans | Mature beans or lentils |
RR = 1.11 (0.87-1.43; P = 0.67) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
0: RR = 1.
> 0 to < 1: RR = 1.12 (0.94-1.33).
≥ 1: RR = 1.11 (0.87-1.43).
P for between-study heterogeneity: 0.25.
P for between-study heterogeneity due to sex: 0.01.
The Adventist Health Study and The New York State Cohort were excluded from this specific food analysis. |
RR = 1.03 (0.89-1.18; P = 0.74) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
0: RR = 1.
> 0 to < 1: RR = 1.00 (0.87-1.15).
≥ 1: RR = 1.03 (0.89-1.18).
P for between-study heterogeneity: 0.42.
P for between-study heterogeneity due to sex: 0.87.
The Adventist Health Study and The Netherlands Cohort Study were excluded from this specific food analysis. |
RR = 1.01 (0.85-1.19; P = 0.89) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
0: RR = 1.
> 0 to < 1: RR = 1.02 (0.90-1.15).
≥ 1: RR = 1.01 (0.85-1.19).
P for between-study heterogeneity: 0.54.
P for between-study heterogeneity due to sex: 0.18.
The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study was excluded from this specific food analysis. |
One serving = 1/2 cup of beans.
Adjusted for education, BMI, alcohol intake, calories, smoking status, smoking duration for past/current smokers, amount smoked for current smokers. |
| 14) Feskanich D (2000) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study | 77,283 US women (38-63 years) and 47,778 men (40-75 years) | Women: 1984-1996.
Men: 1986-1996. | 516? women, and
258? men | Total lung cancer risk | String beans, peas/lima beans, | No significant association with risk (no data shown). | Not defined, but probably: age, follow-up cycle, smoking status,years since quitting among past smokers, cigarettes smoked/day among current smokers, age at start of smoking, total energy intake, and availability of diet data after baseline measure. |
| 14) Speizer FE (1999) | The Nurses' Health Study. | 89,284 women aged 34-59 years.
(USA) | 12
(1980-1992) | 399? | Lung cancer risk | Peas |
RR = 0.7 (No 95% CI; P = 0.65) for the highest vs the lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
Never: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 1.0.
1/wk: RR = 0.9.
2-4/wk: RR = 1.0.
≥ 5/wk: RR = 0.7. | age, smoking (past, current, amount in 1980), and age of starting to smoke |
| 11) Voorrips LE (2000) | The Netherlands Cohort Study | 62,573 women and 58,279 men aged 55-69. | 6.3
(1986-1992) | 910? | lung cancer risk | Beans | String beans: RR = 0.9 (0.7-1.0; No P value).
Broad beans: RR = 1.0 (0.7-1.4; No P value)
RRs are per 25 g/day increment. | age, sex, current smoker, years of smoking cigarettes, habitual number of cigarettes per day, highest educational level, family history of lung cancer and the other vegetables of the cooked vegetable group. |
| 7) Fraser GE (1991) | The Adventist Health Study | 34,198 white California seventh-day adventists.
(USA) | 6
(1977-1982) | No data shown (for other foods: 52-59) | Lung cancer risk | Peas | No evidence of an important association was found (data not shown). | Age, sex, and smoking history |
| 2) Kvale G (1983) | No cohort name. | 10,602 men.
(Norway) | 11.5
(1967-1978) | All: 74.
Squamous and small cell: 44. | Lung cancer risk | Peas |
| Primary tumours: | Squamous and small-cell carcinomas: |
| Relative odds = 1.18 (P = 0.77) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (> 6 vs < 1 times/month).
|
Relative odds = 0.95 (P = 0.82) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (> 6 vs < 1 times/month).
|
Age, cigarette smoking, region and urban/rural place of residence. |
| |