Lung cancer risk: Data about lung cancer risk was provided by 5 cohorts. A significantly increased risk of total berries was found in one cohort (8), but
no associations with total berries (10, 18), or blueberries (14) were found in the remaining 4 cohorts.
Lung cancer mortality: No data was found.
Conclusion: No evidence was found for an association between berries and lung cancer.
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 18) Hirvonen T. (2001) | The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. | 27,110 male smokers aged 50-69. (Finland) | mean 6.1 (1985-1993) | 791 | Lung cancer risk | Berries (not defined) |
RR = 0.83 (0.68-1.0; P = 0.03) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. Amount specific data (g/day): < 12: RR = 1. 12-26: RR = 0.98 (0.81-1.2). 27-49: RR = 0.88 (0.72-1.1). > 49: RR = 0.83 (0.68-1.0). This association became nonsignificant in a multivariate model including vegetables, fruits, tea and wine). | Age, supplementation group, years of smoking, and number of cigarettes/day. |
| 14) Feskanich D (2000) | The Nurses' Health Study & The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study | 77,283 US women (38-63 years) and 47,778 men (40-75 years) | Women: 1984-1996. Men: 1986-1996. | 516? women, and 258? men | Total lung cancer risk | Blueberries | No significant association with risk (no data shown). | Not defined, but probably: age, follow-up cycle, smoking status,years since quitting among past smokers, cigarettes smoked/day among current smokers, age at start of smoking, total energy intake, and availability of diet data after baseline measure. |
| 10) Cutler GJ. (2008) | The Iowa Women's Health Study. | 34,708 postmenopausal women aged 55-69. (USA) | 1986-2004 | 849? | Lung cancer risk | All berries (mostly blueberries and strawberries) | Stratified by smoking history, intake of all berries (> or = 1 vs < 1 time/wk) was not associated with risk of lung cancer (No data shown). | Age, energy, education, race, BMI, multivitamin use, activity level, and pack years. |
| 8) Knekt P. (1997) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Cohort. | 9,959 men and women aged 15-99. (Finland) | 24 (1967-1991) | 151? | Lung cancer risk | Berries (lingonberries, blueberries, black currants, raspberries, and gooseberries) | RR = 1.80 (1.11-2.93; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (not defined). | Sex, age, geographic area, occupation, smoking, BMI, and intakes of energy, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta carotene, fiber, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol. |
| 8) Knekt P (1991) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Cohort | 4,538 men aged 20-69. | 20 (1966-72 to 1986) | 117? | Lung cancer risk | Berries (not defined) | No difference in consumption between cases (14 g/day), and noncases (14 g/day). | Age. Results were not changed after adjustment for social class, geographic area, energy and fat intake, BMI, height, or all other foodstuffs. |