| 24) Smith-Warner SA (2003) | Pooled analysis of 6 prospective studies. | 322,928 | 6-11 | 2,848 | Lung cancer risk | Cabbages |
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- At least 50 incident lung cancer cases.
- Assessment of usual diet.
- Conduct of a validation of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument.
- Assessment of smoking habits.
INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of lung cancer cases):
- The Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study (Only the placebo group is included in this analysis). (1985-1996/298 men)
Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti. Alpha-Tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996 Nov 6;88(21):1560-70. Full text
- The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. (1986-1996/244 men)
Feskanich D, Ziegler RG, Michaud DS, Giovannucci EL, Speizer FE, Willet WC. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of lung cancer among men and women. J Natl Cancer Intst. 2000 Nov 15;92(22):1812-23. Full text
- The Iowa Women's Health Study. (1986-1996/433 women)
Steinmetz KA, Potter JD, Folsom AR. Vegetables, fruit, and lung cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Res. 1993 Feb 1;53(3):536-43. Full text
- The Netherlands Cohort Study. (1986-1992/843 men, 131 women)
Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, Verhoeven DT, van Poppel GA, Sturmans F, Hermus RJ. Vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2000 Feb;11(2):101-15. Abstract
- The New York State Cohort. (1980-1987/392 men, 130 women)
Bandera EV, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zielezny M, Priore RL, Basure J. Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in the New York State Cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):828-40. Abstract
- The Nurses' Health Study B. (1986-1996/379 women)
Feskanich D, Ziegler RG, Michaud DS, Giovannucci EL, Speizer FE, Willet WC. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of lung cancer among men and women. J Natl Cancer Intst. 2000 Nov 15;92(22):1812-23. Full text
RELATIVE RISK:
RR = 1.01 (0.88-1.17; P = 0.62) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
0: RR = 1.
> 0 to < 1: RR = 1.06 (0.92-1.22).
≥ 1: RR = 1.01 (0.88-1.17).
One serving = 1/2 cup.
P for between-study heterogeneity: 0.79.
P for between-study heterogeneity due to sex: 0.50.
| Adjusted for education, BMI, alcohol intake, calories, smoking status, smoking duration for past/current smokers, amount smoked for current smokers. |
| 19) Linseisen J (2007) | The EPIC Study | 478,590 individuals, mostly aged 25-70 from 10 European countries. | 6.4
(1992-2000) | 1,126 (608 men, 518 women), of which 731 current smokers, 291 former smokers, and 98 never smokers) | lung cancer risk | Cabbages |
HR = 1.03 (0.80-1.34) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0-2.7: HR = 1.
2.7-10.5: HR = 0.93 (0.77-1.12).
10.5-21.5: HR = 0.84 (0.68-1.03).
21.5-41.9: HR = 1.06 (0.86-1.31).
41.9-1246.6: HR = 1.03 (0.80-1.34).
Stratified by smoking status:
| Current smokers | Former smokers | Never smokers |
HR = 0.91 (0.65-1.28) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0-2.7: HR = 1.
2.7-10.5: HR = 0.83 (0.66-1.04).
10.5-21.5: HR = 0.83 (0.66-1.04).
21.5-41.9: HR = 1.05 (0.81-1.36).
41.9-1246.6: HR = 0.91 (0.65-1.28).
|
HR = 1.37 (0.82-2.30) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0-2.7: HR = 1.
2.7-10.5: HR = 1.32 (0.87-2.01).
10.5-21.5: HR = 1.09 (0.69-1.71).
21.5-41.9: HR = 1.05 (0.66-1.68).
41.9-1246.6: HR = 1.37 (0.82-2.30).
|
HR = 1.00 (0.44-2.25) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0-2.7: HR = 1.
2.7-10.5: HR = 0.89 (0.46-1.70).
10.5-21.5: HR = 0.98 (0.50-1.92).
21.5-41.9: HR = 1.18 (0.61-2.28).
41.9-1246.6: HR = 1.00 (0.44-2.25).
|
Since results were not significantly different between men and women, no sex-stratified results are presented.adjusted for tobacco smoking (status and duration), education (5 categories), physical activity at work (5 categories), intake of red meat, intake of processed meat, height, weight, nonfat energy intake, energy intake from fat, ethanol intake at baseline. |
| 19) Miller AB (2002) | The EPIC Study | 127,892 men and 289,946 women. | 4 | 247? men and 245? women | Lung cancer incidence | Cabbages (not defined) |
HR = 0.92 (0.68-1.25) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 0.85 (0.64-1.12).
Q3: HR = 0.69 (0.51-0.94).
Q4: HR = 0.92 (0.68-1.25). | Stratified by centre and gender and adjusted for time of follow-up and smoking. |
| 14) Speizer FE (1999) | The Nurses' Health Study. | 89,284 women aged 34-59 years.
(USA) | 12
(1980-1992) | 399? | Lung cancer risk | Cabbage |
RR = 0.6 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs the lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
Never: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 1.0.
1/wk: RR = 1.0.
2-4/wk: RR = 1.1.
≥ 5/wk: RR = 0.6. | age, smoking (past, current, amount in 1980), and age of starting to smoke |
| 11) Voorrips LE (2000) | The Netherlands Cohort Study | 62,573 women and 58,279 men aged 55-69. | 6.3
(1986-1992) | 910? | lung cancer risk | cabbage | RR = 0.9 (0.7-1.3; No P value) per 25 g/day increment. | age, sex, current smoker, years of smoking cigarettes, habitual number of cigarettes per day, highest educational level, family history of lung cancer and the other vegetables of the cooked vegetable group. |
| 2) Kvale G (1983) | No cohort name. | 10,602 men.
(Norway) | 11.5
(1967-1978) | All: 78.
Squamous and small cell: 48. | Lung cancer risk | Cabbage |
| Primary tumours: | Squamous and small-cell carcinomas: |
| Relative odds = 0.66 (P = 0.16) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption (> 14 vs < 1 times/month).
|
Relative odds = 0.61 (P = 0.19) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption (> 14 vs < 1 times/month).
|
Age, cigarette smoking, region and urban/rural place of residence. |
Prospective studies of cabbages and lung cancer mortality:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 17) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 39,486 men, and 54,325 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 769 men, and
227 women. | Lung cancer mortality | Chinese cabbage |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 1.09 (0.89-1.34) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.01 (0.81-1.24).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.09 (0.89-1.34).
|
HR = 0.87 (0.59-1.28) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.02 (0.69-1.51).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.87 (0.59-1.28).
|
Age and study area. |
| | |