| 14) Feskanich D (2000) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study | 77,283 US women (38-63 years) and 47,778 men (40-75 years) | Women: 1984-1996.
Men: 1986-1996. | 516? women, and
258? men | Total lung cancer risk | Foods high in total carotenoid (≥ 2000 mcg/serving)
(include cantaloupe, watermelon, grapefruit, carrots, broccoli, mixed vegetables, yams/sweet potatoes, raw spinach, cooked spinach, kale/mustard or chard greens, romaine lettuce, tomatoes, tomato juice, and tomato sauce) |
| Women: | Men: |
A significantly lower risk: RR = 0.69 (0.53-0.91) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 6.8: RR = 1.
6.8-9.4: RR = 0.69 (0.53-0.91).
9.5-12.4: RR = 0.76 (0.58-0.99).
12.5-16.9: RR = 0.77 (0.59-1.11).
> 16.9: RR = 0.73 (0.55-0.97).
|
RR = 1.18 (0.80-1.74) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 6.4: RR = 1.
6.4-9.4: RR = 1.15 (0.79-1.67).
9.5-12.6: RR = 1.09 (0.75-1.59).
12.7-17.4: RR = 0.80 (0.53-1.23).
> 17.4: RR = 1.18 (0.80-1.74).
|
age, follow-up cycle, smoking status,years since quitting among past smokers, cigarettes smoked/day among current smokers, age at start of smoking, total energy intake, and availability of diet data after baseline measure |
| 10) Steinmetz KA (1993) | The Iowa Women's Health Study. | 35,115 women aged 55-69. | 4
(1986-1989) | 138? | Lung cancer incidence | High beta carotene vegetables and fruit (> 3000 IU vitamin A activity/serving) (Carrots; yellow (winter) squash; yams or sweet potatoes; spinach; cantaloupe; dried apricots; mangoes; dried papaya; apricot juice; and carrot juice) |
OR = 0.92 (0.55-1.54; P = 0.67) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: OR = 1.
2: OR = 0.98 (0.59-1.63).
3-4: OR = 0.89 (0.54-1.45).
≥ 5: OR = 0.92 (0.55-1.54). | Age, energy intake, and pack-years of smoking. |
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