Cruciferous vegetables and lung cancer.

Lung cancer risk: Data about lung cancer risk was provided by 6 cohorts including a total of 9,319 cases. Significant protective effects were found in one cohort examining women (14), and in the placebo arm of an intervention trial of beta carotene/vitamin A supplementation (22) including 842 cases (9% of all cases). Furthermore, a nonsignificant protective effect was found in the male part of one cohort of very large size (29) including 3,834 cases (41% of all cases). No other associations were found.

**Prospective studies of cruciferous vegetabels and lung cancer risk:**
Author	Cohort name	Cases	Relative Risk (RR)
29) Wright ME (2008)	The NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study	3,834 men, and 2,201 women	Men: 0.92 (0.83-1.02; P = 0.09). Women: RR = 1.00 (0.87-1.14; P = 0.65).
22) Neuhouser ML (2003)	The CARET	326 placebo, and 414 intervention	Placebo arm: RR = 0.68 (0.45-1.04; P = 0.01). Intervention arm: RR = 0.91 (0.65-1.28; P = 0.36).
19) Miller AB (2004)	The EPIC Study	860	RR = 1.21 (0.92-1.60; P = 0.25).
14) Feskanich D (2000)	The Health Professional's Follow-up Study & The Nurses' Health Study	258 men, and 516 women	Men: RR = 1.11 (0.76-1.64). Women: RR = 0.74 (0.55-0.99).
11) Voorrips LE (2000)	The Netherlands Cohort Study	910	RR = 0.8 (0.6-1.2; P = 0.36).
		Total number of cases: 9,319	Average RR = 0.94

Lung cancer mortality: Data about lung cancer mortality was provided by 2 cohorts (9, 19). No association was found.

Conclusion: Significant protective effects were found in one cohort, and in part of another cohort, and a nonsignificant protective effect was found among men in another cohort. Suggestive evidence was found for a protective effect of cruciferous vegetables against lung cancer risk (- 6%).

Men. Stratified by smoking status:

Never smokers
(141? cases)

Former smokers
(2,110? cases)

Current smokers
(1,583? cases)

RR = 1.10 (0.64-1.87; P = 0.61) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

RR = 0.85 (0.74-0.97; P = 0.03) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

RR = 0.99 (0.84-1.17; P = 0.83) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Women. Stratified by smoking status:

Never smokers
(170? cases)

Former smokers
(835? cases)

Current smokers
(1,196? cases)

RR = 0.66 (0.39-1.12; P = 0.06) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

RR = 1.13 (0.90-1.42; P = 0.53) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

RR = 1.01 (0.84-1.20; P = 0.46) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Intervention arm (daily combination of 30 mg of beta carotene and 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitate):
(n = 7072)

Placebo arm:
(n = 7048)

RR = 0.91 (0.65-1.28; P = 0.36) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/week):
≤ 0.5: RR = 1.
0.6-1.2: RR = 1.08 (0.81-1.44).
1.3-1.9: RR = 0.83 (0.61-1.13).
2.0-3.4: RR = 0.94 (0.68-1.29).
≥ 3.5: RR = 0.91 (0.65-1.28).

RR = 0.68 (0.45-1.04; P = 0.01) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/week):
≤ 0.5: RR = 1.
0.6-1.2: RR = 1.36 (0.98-1.88).
1.3-1.9: RR = 0.89 (0.62-1.27).
2.0-3.4: RR = 0.96 (0.67-1.39).
≥ 3.5: RR = 0.68 (0.45-1.04).

South Europe:

North Europe:

RR = 1.81 (1.09-3.03; P = 0.2328) for the highest vs the lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (Quintiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.14 (0.74-1.75).
Q3: RR = 1.68 (1.07-2.63).
Q4: RR = 1.04 (0.61-1.75).
Q5: RR = 1.81 (1.09-3.03).

RR = 1.01 (0.73-1.42; P = 0.6911) for the highest vs the lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (Quintiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.06 (0.79-1.42).
Q3: RR = 1.04 (0.77-1.41).
Q4: RR = 1.05 (0.78-1.42).
Q5: RR = 1.01 (0.73-1.42).

Women:

Men:

A significantly lower risk: RR = 0.74 (0.55-0.99) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1.4: RR = 1.
1.4-2.2: RR = 0.80 (0.62-1.05).
2.3-3.2: RR = 0.85 (0.65-1.12).
3.3-4.8: RR = 0.76 (0.57-1.01).
> 4.8: RR = 0.74 (0.55-0.99).

RR = 1.11 (0.76-1.64) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1.4: RR = 1.
1.4-2.1: RR = 1.12 (0.76-1.64).
2.2-3.3: RR = 1.05 (0.72-1.53).
3.4-5.0: RR = 0.86 (0.57-1.30).
> 5.0: RR = 1.11 (0.76-1.64).

In g/day:

In frequency:

RR = 0.8 (0.6-1.2; P = 0.36) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
10: RR = 1.
20: RR = 0.8 (0.6-1.1).
27: RR = 0.8 (0.6-1.1).
38: RR = 0.9 (0.7-1.3).
58: RR = 0.8 (0.6-1.2).

RR = 0.6 (0.3-1.0; P = 0.11) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
≤ 1 x/month: RR = 1.
2-3 x/month: RR = 0.7 (0.4-1.1).
1 x/wk: RR = 0.6 (0.4-0.9).
2 x/wk: RR = 0.6 (0.4-1.0).
≥ 3 x/wk: RR = 0.6 (0.3-1.0).

**Prospective studies of cruciferous vegetables and lung cancer mortality:**
Author	Cohort name	Subjects	Years of follow-up	Cases	End point	Consumption of	Relative Risk (RR)	Adjustments
19) Skuladottir H (2006)	The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study.	286 currently smoking men and women with lung cancer.	(1993-97 to 2004)	Not defined	Lung cancer mortality	Cabbages (cauliflower, broccoli, red cabbage, curly kale, cabbage and Brussels sprouts)	HR = 0.99 (0.65-1.50; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined): T1: HR = 1. T2: HR = 1.13 (0.79-1.61). T3: HR = 0.99 (0.65-1.50).	Sex, extend of disease, duration of smoking, fruit, potatoes. Leafy, fruiting, root, onion and stalk vegetables.
9) Chow WH (1992)	The Lutheran Brotherhood Study	17,633 white men aged 35 or over. (USA)	20 (1966-1986)	219	lung cancer mortality	Cruciferous vegetables (not defined, but not including broccoli)	R = 0.8 (0.5-1.4; No P value) for the highest vs the lowest quartile of consumption. Amount specific data (time/month): < 2: RR = 1. 2-4: RR = 0.9 (0.6-1.3). 5-8: RR = 1.0 (0.7-1.5). > 8: RR = 0.8 (0.5-1.4).	Age, industry/occupation, and smoking status.

Prospective studies of cruciferous vegetables and lung cancer mortality:

Author

Cohort name

Subjects

Years of follow-up

Cases

End point

Consumption of

Relative Risk (RR)

Adjustments

19) Skuladottir H (2006)

The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study.

286 currently smoking men and women with lung cancer.

(1993-97 to 2004)

Not defined

Lung cancer mortality

Cabbages (cauliflower, broccoli, red cabbage, curly kale, cabbage and Brussels sprouts)

HR = 0.99 (0.65-1.50; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 1.13 (0.79-1.61).
T3: HR = 0.99 (0.65-1.50).

Sex, extend of disease, duration of smoking, fruit, potatoes. Leafy, fruiting, root, onion and stalk vegetables.

9) Chow WH (1992)

The Lutheran Brotherhood Study

17,633 white men aged 35 or over.
(USA)

20
(1966-1986)

219

lung cancer mortality

Cruciferous vegetables (not defined, but not including broccoli)

R = 0.8 (0.5-1.4; No P value) for the highest vs the lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (time/month):
< 2: RR = 1.
2-4: RR = 0.9 (0.6-1.3).
5-8: RR = 1.0 (0.7-1.5).
> 8: RR = 0.8 (0.5-1.4).

Age, industry/occupation, and smoking status.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to lung cancer risk & mortality.

Cruciferous vegetables and lung cancer.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our dietto lung cancer risk & mortality.

Cruciferous vegetables and lung cancer.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to lung cancer risk & mortality.