| 19) Linseisen J (2007) | The EPIC Study | 478,590 individuals, mostly aged 25-70 from 10 European countries. | 6.4
(1992-2000) | 1,126 (608 men, 518 women), of which 731 current smokers, 291 former smokers, and 98 never smokers) | lung cancer risk | Root vegetables |
HR = 0.94 (0.76-1.16) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0-4.8: HR = 1.
4.8-12.3: HR = 0.97 (0.82-1.15).
12.3-24.4: HR = 0.94 (0.78-1.13).
24.4-44.0: HR = 0.83 (0.68-1.03).
44.0-973.9: HR = 0.94 (0.76-1.16).
Stratified by smoking status:
| Current smokers | Former smokers | Never smokers |
HR = 0.76 (0.56-1.02) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0-4.8: HR = 1.
4.8-12.3: HR = 0.95 (0.78-1.16).
12.3-24.4: HR = 0.91 (0.72-1.14).
24.4-44.0: HR = 0.85 (0.65-1.11).
44.0-973.9: HR = 0.76 (0.56-1.02).
|
HR = 1.06 (0.70-1.58) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0-4.8: HR = 1.
4.8-12.3: HR = 0.97 (0.66-1.41).
12.3-24.4: HR = 0.99 (0.68-1.44).
24.4-44.0: HR = 0.76 (0.50-1.16).
44.0-973.9: HR = 1.06 (0.70-1.58).
|
HR = 1.66 (0.85-3.25) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0-4.8: HR = 1.
4.8-12.3: HR = 1.35 (0.68-2.67).
12.3-24.4: HR = 1.01 (0.49-2.08).
24.4-44.0: HR = 1.02 (0.50-2.09).
44.0-973.9: HR = 1.66 (0.85-3.25).
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Since results were not significantly different between men and women, no sex-stratified results are presented.adjusted for tobacco smoking (status and duration), education (5 categories), physical activity at work (5 categories), intake of red meat, intake of processed meat, height, weight, nonfat energy intake, energy intake from fat, ethanol intake at baseline. |
| 19) Miller AB (2004) | The EPIC Study. | 335,376 individuals, mostly aged 25-70 from 7 European countries (excluding Germany, France and Greece) | 1992-98 to 1998-2002 | 860? (532 smokers, 236 ex-smokers, and 88 never smokers) | lung cancer risk | Root vegetables (beetroot, swede, carrot, turnip, parsnip, celeriac, radish, salsify) | There was no association (no data shown). | Smoking, height and stratified by sex and centre. |
| 19) Miller AB (2002) | The EPIC Study | 127,892 men and 289,946 women. | 4 | 247? men and 245? women | Lung cancer incidence | Root vegetables (not defined) |
HR = 0.87 (0.66-1.15) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 0.87 (0.68-1.12).
Q3: HR = 0.70 (0.53-0.93).
Q4: HR = 0.87 (0.66-1.15). | Stratified by centre and gender and adjusted for time of follow-up and smoking. |
| 8) Knekt P (1999) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey. | 4545 men aged 20-69. | 25
(1967-72 to 1991) | 138? | Lung cancer risk | Root vegetables other than carrots (beetroot, rutabaga, turnip, celeriac, and radish) | RR = 0.73 (0.49-1.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption (not defined). | Age and smoking status. |
| 8) Knekt P (1999) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey. | 4545 men aged 20-69. | 25
(1967-72 to 1991) | 138? | Lung cancer risk | Root vegetables (not defined) |
RR = 0.56 (0.36-0.88; P = 0.03) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 0.98 (0.68-1.42).
T3: RR = 0.56 (0.36-0.88).
Tertiles are defined as "Low" (11 g/day) and "High" (32 g/day). | Age and smoking status. |
Prospective studies of root vegetables and lung cancer mortality:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 19) Skuladottir H (2006) | The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study. | 286 currently smoking men and women with lung cancer. | (1993-97 to 2004) | Not defined | Lung cancer mortality | Root vegetables (carrots, celeriac and ginger) |
A nonsignificantly decreased risk: HR = 0.86 (0.54-1.36; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 0.95 (0.64-1.42).
T3: HR = 0.86 (0.54-1.36). | Sex, extend of disease, duration of smoking, fruit, potatoes. Leafy, fruiting, cabbages, onion and stalk vegetables. |
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