Seaweed and lung cancer.

Lung cancer risk: Data about lung cancer risk was provided by one cohort (23). No association was found.
Lung cancer mortality: Data about lung cancer mortality was provided by 2 cohorts, one of which was of very small size (17, 26). A nonsignificant protective effect among women was found in both cohorts, and a significant protective effect among men was found in the larger cohort.

Conclusion: Some associations were found, but these were mostly nonsignificant. Inconclusive evidence was found for an association between seaweed and lung cancer.

**Prospective studies of seaweed and lung cancer risk:**
Author	Cohort name	Subjects	Years of follow-up	Cases	End point	Consumption of	Relative Risk (RR)	Adjustments
23) Takezaki T (2003)	No cohort name defined.	5,885 residents (2,798 males and 3,087 females) aged 40-79 from Aichi Prefecture. (Japan)	1985-1999	51	Lung cancer incidence	Seaweed	RR = 0.82 (0.39-1.71; P = 0.720) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (times/wk): < 3: RR = 1. 3-4: RR = 1.33 (0.71-2.48). ≥ 5: RR = 0.82 (0.39-1.71).	Age, sex, smoking, and occupation.

Prospective studies of seaweed and lung cancer mortality:

Author

Cohort name

Subjects

Years of follow-up

Cases

End point

Consumption of

Relative Risk (RR)

Adjustments

26) Khan MM. (2004)

No cohort name.

1,524 men and 1,634 women aged ≥ 40 living in Hokkaido, Japan.

1984-2002

41 men, 10 women?

Lung cancer mortality

Seaweed

Men: RR = 1.1 (0.6-2.2; No P-value).
Women: A nonsignificantly decreased risk: RR = 0.4 (0.1-1.3; No P-value).

RRs are for consumption ≥ several times/wk vs ≤ several times/month.

Men: age and smoking. Women: age, health status, health education, health screening + smoking.

17) Iso H (2007)

The JACC Study.

43,179 men, and 59,483 women.
(Japan)

Not defined.

828 men, and
247 women.

Lung cancer mortality

Seaweed (algae)


Men:	Women
HR = 0.77 (0.65-0.92; P = < 0.01) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data: < 3/w: HR = 1. 3-4/w: HR = 0.93 (0.79-1.10). ≥ 5/w: HR = 0.77 (0.65-0.92).	HR = 0.76 (0.56-1.03; P = < 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data: < 3/w: HR = 1. 3-4/w: HR = 0.87 (0.64-1.18). ≥ 5/w: HR = 0.76 (0.56-1.03).

Age and study area.

17) Ozasa K (2001)

The JACC Study.

42,940 Japanese men (22,465 current smokers, 11,308 ex-smokers, 9,167 nonsmokers) and 55,308 women (2,868 current smokers, 852 ex-smokers, 51,588 nonsmokers) aged 40-79.

7.7
(1988-90 to 1997)

386 men, and 108 women

Lung cancer mortality

Seaweed

**Stratified by sex:**
Men	Women
HR = 0.78 (0.60-1.00; P = 0.049) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (times): ≤ 2/we: HR = 1. 3-4/we: HR = 0.86 (0.68-1.10). Almost every day: HR = 0.78 (0.60-1.00).	HR = 0.77 (0.49-1.23; P = 0.28) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (times): ≤ 2/we: HR = 1. 3-4/we: HR = 0.88 (0.55-1.41). Almost every day: HR = 0.77 (0.49-1.23).

Age, parents' history of lung cancer, smoking status, smoking index and time since quitting smoking.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to lung cancer risk & mortality.

Seaweed and lung cancer.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our dietto lung cancer risk & mortality.

Seaweed and lung cancer.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to lung cancer risk & mortality.