Soy and lung cancer.

Total soy: Two cohorts provided information about soy (not defined) and lung cancer risk (10, 23). No associations were found.
Tofu and lung cancer risk: Two cohorts examining women only provided information about tofu and lung cancer risk. A significant protective effect was found in the Asian (31) cohort, but no association was found in the Western cohort (30).
Tofu and lung cancer mortality: Two cohorts provided information about tofu and lung cancer mortality (17, 26), both in Asian populations. (Non)significant protective effects were found among men, but not women.
Miso soup: Three cohorts provided information about miso soup in relation to lung cancer mortality. All in Asian populations. No associations were found.
Soy sauce-preserved foods: One cohort provided information about the relation with soy sauce-preserved foods (17). The relation with lung cancer mortality was examined and no association among men and women was found.

Conclusion: A significant protective effect of tofu against lung cancer risk was found in one cohort, but not in the other one. A significant protective effect of tofu against lung cancer mortality was found among men in one cohort, and a nonsignificant protective trend was found in another cohort. No evidence was found for an association between total soy, tofu, or soybean paste soup and lung cancer, but when cancer risk and mortality are grouped together tofu possibly protects against lung cancer.

**Prospective studies of total soy and lung cancer:**
Author	Cohort name	Subjects	Years of follow-up	Cases	End point	Consumption of	Relative Risk (RR)	Adjustments
23) Takezaki T (2003)	No cohort name defined.	5,885 residents (2,798 males and 3,087 females) aged 40-79 from Aichi Prefecture. (Japan)	1985-1999	51	Lung cancer incidence	Soybean products (not defined)	RR = 0.73 (0.37-1.45; P = 0.369) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (times/wk): < 3: RR = 1. 3-4: RR = 0.91 (0.47-1.75). ≥ 5: RR = 0.73 (0.37-1.45).	Age, sex, smoking, and occupation.
10) Cutler GJ. (2008)	The Iowa Women's Health Study.	34,708 postmenopausal women aged 55-69. (USA)	1986-2004	849?	Lung cancer risk	Soy (not defined)	Stratified by smoking history, intake of soy (> or = 1 vs < 1 time/wk) was not associated with risk of lung cancer (No data shown).	Age, energy, education, race, BMI, multivitamin use, activity level, and pack years.

Prospective studies of total soy and lung cancer:

Author

Cohort name

Subjects

Years of follow-up

Cases

End point

Consumption of

Relative Risk (RR)

Adjustments

23) Takezaki T (2003)

No cohort name defined.

5,885 residents (2,798 males and 3,087 females) aged 40-79 from Aichi Prefecture.
(Japan)

1985-1999

Lung cancer incidence

Soybean products (not defined)

RR = 0.73 (0.37-1.45; P = 0.369) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (times/wk):
< 3: RR = 1.
3-4: RR = 0.91 (0.47-1.75).
≥ 5: RR = 0.73 (0.37-1.45).

Age, sex, smoking, and occupation.

10) Cutler GJ. (2008)

The Iowa Women's Health Study.

34,708 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA)

1986-2004

849?

Lung cancer risk

Soy (not defined)

Stratified by smoking history, intake of soy (> or = 1 vs < 1 time/wk) was not associated with risk of lung cancer (No data shown).

Age, energy, education, race, BMI, multivitamin use, activity level, and pack years.

All women:

All lung cancers
(298 cases)

Adenocarcinomas only
(138 cases)

Other histologic types
(160 cases)

RR = 0.75 (0.53-1.05; P = 0.048) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/d):
30.7: RR = 1.
66.1: RR = 0.93 (0.69-1.24).
108.8: RR = 0.77 (0.55-1.06).
197.7: RR = 0.75 (0.53-1.05).

RR = 0.99 (0.61-1.60; P = 0.72) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/d):
30.7: RR = 1.
66.1: RR = 1.10 (0.70-1.71).
108.8: RR = 0.85 (0.52-1.40).
197.7: RR = 0.99 (0.61-1.60).

RR = 0.58 (0.36-0.94; P = 0.019) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/d):
30.7: RR = 1.
66.1: RR = 0.82 (0.55-1.21).
108.8: RR = 0.71 (0.46-1.10).
197.7: RR = 0.58 (0.36-0.94).

Never smokers:

All lung cancers
(189 cases)

Adenocarcinomas only
(108 cases)

Other histologic types
(81 cases)

RR = 0.71 (0.47-1.07; P = 0.060) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/d):
30.7: RR = 1.
66.1: RR = 0.81 (0.56-1.81).
108.8: RR = 0.69 (0.46-1.03).
197.7: RR = 0.71 (0.47-1.07).

RR = 0.94 (0.55-1.63; P = 0.59) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/d):
30.7: RR = 1.
66.1: RR = 1.07 (0.65-1.77).
108.8: RR = 0.79 (0.45-1.38).
197.7: RR = 0.94 (0.55-1.63).

RR = 0.49 (0.26-0.95; P = 0.028) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/d):
30.7: RR = 1.
66.1: RR = 0.58 (0.33-1.04).
108.8: RR = 0.60 (0.33-1.08).
197.7: RR = 0.49 (0.26-0.95).

Ever smokers:

All lung cancers
(109 cases)

Adenocarcinomas only
(30 cases)

Other histologic types
(79 cases)

RR = 0.81 (0.45-1.46; P = 0.46) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/d):
30.7: RR = 1.
66.1: RR = 1.16 (0.72-1.86).
108.8: RR = 0.94 (0.54-1.62).
197.7: RR = 0.81 (0.45-1.46).

RR = 1.26 (0.44-3.59; P = 0.66) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/d):
30.7: RR = 1.
66.1: RR = 1.26 (0.49-3.23).
108.8: RR = 1.21 (0.43-3.39).
197.7: RR = 1.26 (0.44-3.59).

RR = 0.68 (0.33-1.38; P = 0.26) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/d):
30.7: RR = 1.
66.1: RR = 1.15 (0.67-1.98).
108.8: RR = 0.86 (0.45-1.64).
197.7: RR = 0.68 (0.33-1.38).

Men:

Women:

A nonsignificantly decreased risk: RR = 0.6 (0.3-1.3; No P-value).

Not estimated due to 0 case in either of the 2 groups.

Men:

Women:

HR = 0.84 (0.70-1.00; P = < 0.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.85 (0.72-1.01; P = < 0.10).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.84 (0.70-1.00).

HR = 0.87 (0.62-1.20) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.93 (0.68-1.28).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.87 (0.62-1.20).

Stratified by sex:

Men

Women

HR = 0.83 (0.63-1.08; P = 0.14) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (times):
≤ 2/we: HR = 1.
3-4/we: HR = 0.80 (0.62-1.04).
Almost every day: HR = 0.83 (0.63-1.08).

HR = 0.85 (0.52-1.37; P = 0.43) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (times):
≤ 2/we: HR = 1.
3-4/we: HR = 0.50 (0.28-0.88).
Almost every day: HR = 0.85 (0.52-1.37).

Female nonsmokers: RR = 0.90 (0.53-1.53; P = 0.70).

Men:

Women:

Not estimated due to 0 case in either of the 2 groups.

Men:

Bowls at present

Bowls at 30 years old

HR = 1.05 (0.85-1.28) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 1.09 (0.88-1.34).
≥ 2: HR = 1.05 (0.85-1.28).

HR = 1.07 (0.89-1.30) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 1.05 (0.84-1.32).
≥ 2: HR = 1.07 (0.89-1.30).

Women:

Bowls at present

Bowls at 30 years old

HR = 0.93 (0.67-1.30) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.82 (0.56-1.20).
≥ 2: HR = 0.93 (0.67-1.30).

HR = 0.90 (0.66-1.23) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.88 (0.58-1.34).
≥ 2: HR = 0.90 (0.66-1.23).

Stratified by sex:

Men

Women

HR = 1.14 (0.83-1.57; P = 0.69) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (dishes/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1-2: HR = 1.06 (0.82-1.36).
≥ 3: HR = 1.14 (0.83-1.57).

HR = 1.92 (1.00-3.67; P = 0.017) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (dishes/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1-2: HR = 1.47 (0.92-2.33).
≥ 3: HR = 1.92 (1.00-3.67).

Female nonsmokers: RR = 1.77 (0.85-3.71; P = 0.059).

Men:

Women:

HR = 0.98 (0.80-1.20) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.13 (0.94-1.35).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.98 (0.80-1.20).

HR = 1.26 (0.87-1.81) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.11 (0.78-1.58).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.26 (0.87-1.81).

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to lung cancer risk & mortality.

Soy and lung cancer.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our dietto lung cancer risk & mortality.

Soy and lung cancer.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to lung cancer risk & mortality.