This category presents findings of subgroups of vegetables or fruits, which could not be categorized into known subgroups. Findings are not discussed, but are presented to express transparency of findings.
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 26) Khan MM. (2004) | No cohort name. | 1,524 men and 1,634 women aged ≥ 40 living in Hokkaido, Japan. | 1984-2002 | 41 men, 10 women? | Lung cancer mortality | White pale vegetables (not defined) |
RRs are for consumption ≥ several times/wk vs ≤ several times/month. Men: age and smoking. Women: age, health status, health education, health screening + smoking. |
23) Takezaki T (2003) | No cohort name defined. | 5,885 residents (2,798 males and 3,087 females) aged 40-79 from Aichi Prefecture. | (Japan) 1985-1999 | 51 | Lung cancer incidence | Light-colored vegetables (not defined) |
RR = 0.72 (0.37-1.40; P = 0.303) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. | Amount specific data (times/wk): < 3: RR = 1. 3-4: RR = 0.94 (0.44-2.00). ≥ 5: RR = 0.72 (0.37-1.40). Age, sex, smoking, and occupation. |
22) Neuhouser ML (2003) | The Beta-carotene And Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) (2003) | 14,120 current or former heavy smokers (male/female) and asbestos-exposted workers (male) aged 50-69. | 12 | (1989-2001) 742? | (326 in placebo arm, and 414 in intervention arm) Primary lung cancer risk | Other vegetables (corn, onions, and sweet potatoes) |
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Sex, age, smoking status, total pack-years of smoking, asbestos exposure, race-ethnicity, enrollment center, and total vegetables. |
22) Neuhouser ML (2003) | The Beta-carotene And Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) (2003) | 14,120 current or former heavy smokers (male/female) and asbestos-exposted workers (male) aged 50-69. | 12 | (1989-2001) 742? | (326 in placebo arm, and 414 in intervention arm) Primary lung cancer risk | Other fruit (banana, berries (other than strawberries), papaya, and mango) |
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Sex, age, smoking status, total pack-years of smoking, asbestos exposure, race-ethnicity, enrollment center, and total fruit. |
19) Linseisen J (2007) | The EPIC Study | 478,590 individuals, mostly aged 25-70 from 10 European countries. | 6.4 | (1992-2000) 1,126 (608 men, 518 women), of which 731 current smokers, 291 former smokers, and 98 never smokers) | lung cancer risk | Hard fruits (apples/pears) |
HR = 0.85 (0.69-1.05) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption. | Amount specific data (g/day): 0-11.8: HR = 1. 11.8-36.3: HR = 1.07 (0.90-1.27). 36.3-65.0: HR = 0.92 (0.76-1.12). 65.0-115.0: HR = 0.85 (0.69-1.03). 115.0-2269.4: HR = 0.85 (0.69-1.05).
Since results were not significantly different between men and women, no sex-stratified results are presented. adjusted for tobacco smoking (status and duration), education (5 categories), physical activity at work (5 categories), intake of red meat, intake of processed meat, height, weight, nonfat energy intake, energy intake from fat, ethanol intake at baseline |
19) Linseisen J (2007) | The EPIC Study | 478,590 individuals, mostly aged 25-70 from 10 European countries. | 6.4 | (1992-2000) 1,061 (684 current smokers, 281 former smokers, and 91 never smokers) | lung cancer risk | Stone fruits (fruits containing stones/pits) |
HR = 0.89 (0.68-1.15) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption. | Amount specific data (g/day): 0-1.1: HR = 1. 1.1-6.3: HR = 0.95 (0.79-1.14). 6.3-19.1: HR = 0.89 (0.73-1.08). 19.1-53.4: HR = 0.92 (0.73-1.16). 53.4-854.9: HR = 0.89 (0.68-1.15).
Since results were not significantly different between men and women, no sex-stratified results are presented. adjusted for tobacco smoking (status and duration), education (5 categories), physical activity at work (5 categories), intake of red meat, intake of processed meat, height, weight, nonfat energy intake, energy intake from fat, ethanol intake at baseline |
19) Skuladottir H (2006) | The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study. | 286 currently smoking men and women with lung cancer. | (1993-97 to 2004) | Not defined | Lung cancer mortality | Stalk vegetables (leeks, bean sprouts, chives, asparagus, bamboo shoots and rhubarb) |
A nonsignificantly decreased risk: HR = 0.68 (0.44-1.07; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. | Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined): T1: HR = 1. T2: HR = 0.71 (0.49-1.02). T3: HR = 0.68 (0.44-1.07). Sex, extend of disease, duration of smoking, fruit, potatoes. Leafy, fruiting, root, cabbages, onion and onion vegetables. |
19) Skuladottir H (2006) | The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study. | 286 currently smoking men and women with lung cancer. | (1993-97 to 2004) | Not defined | Lung cancer mortality | Fruit, other than citrus | HR = 0.97 (0.68-1.4) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. | Sex, age, extend of disease, duration of smoking, vegetables and potatoes. |
19) Miller AB (2002) | The EPIC Study | 127,892 men and 289,946 women. | 4 | 247? men and 245? women | Lung cancer incidence | Potatoes and other tubers (not defined) | No significant association with lung cancer (no data shown). | Stratified by centre and gender and adjusted for time of follow-up and smoking. |
19) Miller AB (2002) | The EPIC Study | 127,892 men and 289,946 women. | 4 | 247? men and 245? women | Lung cancer incidence | Stalk vegetables, sprouts (not defined) |
HR = 0.90 (0.68-1.21) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. | Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined): Q1: HR = 1. Q2: HR = 0.75 (0.56-0.99). Q3: HR = 0.75 (0.56-1.00). Q4: HR = 0.90 (0.68-1.21). Stratified by centre and gender and adjusted for time of follow-up and smoking. |
19) Miller AB (2002) | The EPIC Study | 127,892 men and 289,946 women. | 4 | 247? men and 245? women | Lung cancer incidence | Grain and pod vegetables (not defined) |
HR = 0.70 (0.51-0.96) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. | Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined): Q1: HR = 1. Q2: HR = 0.74 (0.56-0.98). Q3: HR = 0.75 (0.56-0.99). Q4: HR = 0.70 (0.51-0.96). Stratified by centre and gender and adjusted for time of follow-up and smoking. |
17) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 41,395 men, and 56,195 women. | (Japan) Not defined. | 783 men, and | 228 women. Lung cancer mortality | Fruits other than citrus fruits (not defined) |
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Age and study area. |
14) Speizer FE (1999) | The Nurses' Health Study. | 89,284 women aged 34-59 years. | (USA) 12 | (1980-1992) 399? | Lung cancer risk | Fruit other than oranges, peaches, and bananas |
RR = 0.8 (No 95% CI; P = 0.17) for the highest vs the lowest quintile of consumption. | Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption): Never: RR = 1. 1-3/mo: RR = 0.8. 2-4/wk: RR = 0.7. 5-6/wk: RR = 0.7. ≥ 1/day: RR = 0.8. age, smoking (past, current, amount in 1980), and age of starting to smoke |
8) Knekt P (1999) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey. | 4545 men aged 20-69. | 25 | (1967-72 to 1991) 138? | Lung cancer risk | Vegetables other than root vegetables/legumes (not defined) |
RR = 0.89 (0.59-1.35; P = 0.71) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. | Amount specific data (Tertiles): T1: RR = 1. T2: RR = 0.92 (0.61-1.38). T3: RR = 0.89 (0.59-1.35). Tertiles are defined as "Low" (37 g/day) and "High" (74 g/day). Age and smoking status. |
8) Knekt P. (1997) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Cohort. | 9,959 men and women aged 15-99. | (Finland) 24 | (1967-1991) 151? | Lung cancer risk | Vegetables other than onions | RR = 0.75 (0.41-1.37; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (not defined). | (For onions, also no association was found: RR = 0.75 (0.45-1.25; No P-value) Sex, age, geographic area, occupation, smoking, BMI, and intakes of energy, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta carotene, fiber, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol. |
8) Knekt P. (1997) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Cohort. | 9,959 men and women aged 15-99. | (Finland) 24 | (1967-1991) 151? | Lung cancer risk | Fruits other than apples | RR = 0.66 (0.35-1.26; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (not defined). | Sex, age, geographic area, occupation, smoking, BMI, and intakes of energy, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta carotene, fiber, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol. |
8) Knekt P (1991) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Cohort | 2,121 nonsmoking men aged 20-69 (never + ex-smokers). | 20 | (1966-72 to 1986) 24? | Lung cancer risk | Vegetables, other than green, or yellow/red (not defined) | RR = 0.9 (0.3-2.4) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption. | Age. |
Results were not changed after adjustment for social class, geographic area, energy and fat intake, BMI, height, or all other foodstuffs. 7) Fraser GE (1991) | The Adventist Health Study | 34,198 white California seventh-day adventists. | (USA) 6 | (1977-1982) 56 | Lung cancer risk | Other fresh fruit (not defined) | RR = 0.73 (0.43-1.26; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 3 vs < 3 times/wk. | Age, sex, and smoking history |
7) Fraser GE (1991) | The Adventist Health Study | 34,198 white California seventh-day adventists. | (USA) 6 | (1977-1982) 57 | Lung cancer risk | Fresh winter fruit (apples, bananas, pears, etc.) | RR = 0.57 (0.33-0.99; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 3 vs < 3 times/wk. | Age, sex, and smoking history |
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