| 10) Sakauchi F (2007) | The JACC Study. | 64,327 women aged 40-79.
(Japan) | 13.3
(1988-90 to 2003) | 56 | Ovarian cancer mortality | Green leafy vegetables (not defined) |
HR = 0.87 (0.34-2.22; P = 0.82) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (intake frequency):
≤ 2 times/week: HR = 1.
3-4 times/week: HR = 1.67 (0.74-3.77).
Almost every day: HR = 0.87 (0.34-2.22). | Age, menopausal status, number of pregnancies, history of sex hormone use, BMI, physical activity, and education. |
| 10) Sakauchi F (2007) | The JACC Study. | 64,327 women aged 40-79.
(Japan) | 13.3
(1988-90 to 2003) | 54 | Ovarian cancer mortality | cabbage and lettuce |
HR = 1.23 (0.57-2.62; P = 0.64) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (intake frequency):
≤ 2 times/week: HR = 1.
3-4 times/week: HR = 0.70 (0.29-1.68).
Almost every day: HR = 1.23 (0.57-2.62). | Age, menopausal status, number of pregnancies, history of sex hormone use, BMI, physical activity, and education. |
| 9) Koushik A (2005) | Pooled analysis of 12 cohort studies. | 560,441 women. | 7-22 | 2,130? | Invasive epithelial ovarian cancer risk | Green leafy vegetables |
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- At least 50 incident invasive epithelial ovarian cancer cases.
- An assessment of usual diet.
- A validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument.
INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of ovarian cancer casses):
- The Adventist Health Study (1976-1988/53).
Singh PN. Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Oct 15;148(8):761-74. Full text
- The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (1987-1999/142).
Hannan LM. Physical activity and risk of ovarian cancer: a prospective cohort study in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 May;13(5):765-70. Full text
- The Canadian National Breast Screening Study (1980-2000/223).
Terry PD. Cigarette smoking and the risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer in a prospective cohort study. Eur J Cancer. 2003 May;39(8):1157-64. Abstract
- The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (1992-2001/278).
Calle EE. The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort: rationale, study design, and baseline characteristics. Cancer. 2002 Jan 15;94(2):500-11. Abstract
- The Iowa Women's Health Study (1986-2001/208).
Kushi LH. Prospective study of diet and ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Jan 1;149(1):21-31 Full text
- The Netherlands Cohort Study (1986-1995/208).
Mommers M. Consumption of vegetables and fruits and risk of ovarian carcinoma. Cancer. 2005 Oct 1;104(7):1512-9. Full text
- The New York State Cohort (1980-1987/77).
Bandera EV. Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in the New York State Cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Nov;8(6):828-40. Abstract
- The New York University Women's Health Study (1985-1998/65).
Kato I. Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study. Nutr Cancer. 1997;28(3):276-81. Abstract
- The Nurses' Health Study A + B (A = 1980-1986/120. B = 1986-2002/315).
Fairfield KM. Risk of ovarian carcinoma and consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and specific carotenoids: a prospective analysis. Cancer. 2001 Nov 1;92(9):2318-26. Full text
- The Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2000/52).
Cho E. Premenopausal fat intake and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Jul 16;95(14):1079-85. Full text
- The Swedish Mammography Cohort (1987-2004/285).
Larsson SC. Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to ovarian cancer incidence: the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Br J Cancer. 2004 Jun 1;90(11):2167-70. Full text
- The Women's Health Study (1993-2004/104).
Higginbotham S. Dietary glycemic load and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Jan;13(1):65-70. Full text
RELATIVE RISK:
A marginally significant association: RR = 0.88 (0.76-1.00) for a 100 g/day increment.
P for between-studies heterogeneity = 0.55.
| Parity, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use, age at menarche, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, and total energy intake. Age in years and year of questionnaire return were included as stratification variables. |
| 8) Schulz M (2005) | The EPIC Study | 290,574 women from 9 European countries (excluding Norway). | 6.3
1992-2000 to 2001-2004 | 544? | Invasive epithelial ovarian cancer incidence
(excluding in situ and metastatic cases) | Leafy vegetables |
HR = 0.98 (0.90-1.07).
Stratified by histologic subtype:
| Serous | Mucinous | Endometrioid |
| HR = 1.01 (0.88-1.17)
|
HR = 0.87 (0.61-1.24)
|
HR = 1.11 (0.86-1.42)
|
HRs are per 8 g/d increment.Age, center, BMI, energy from fat sources, energy from nonfat sources, unilateral ovariectomy, parity, menopausal status, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, HRT use, and nonconsumer status. |
| 7) Mommers M (2005) | The Netherlands Cohort Study | 62,573 postmenopausal women aged 55-69. | 11,3
(1986-1997) | 240 | Invasive epithelial ovarian cancer incidence | Leafy vegetables (not defined) |
| Cooked leafy vegetables: | Raw leafy vegetables: |
RR = 1.05 (0.66-1.67; P = 0.79) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (grams/day):
4: RR = 1.
12: RR = 1.00 (0.62-1.60).
19: RR = 1.22 (0.78-1.92).
27: RR = 1.23 (0.78-1.94).
41: RR = 1.05 (0.66-1.67).
|
RR = 1.23 (0.75-2.02; P = 0.44) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (grams/day):
0.9: RR = 1.
4: RR = 1.18 (0.74-1.88).
7: RR = 1.44 (0.91-2.28).
12: RR = 0.99 (0.60-1.65).
22: RR = 1.23 (0.75-2.02).
|
Age, height, current cigarette smoking, duration of cigarette smoking, number of cigarettes smoked daily, duration of oral contraceptive use, parity, and total fruit.
Test for other possible confounders included hormone therapy, weight, BMI, family history of ovarian or breast carcinoma, hysterectomy, age at menarche, age ate menopause, tubal ligation, and socioeconomic status. |
| 6) Larsson SC (2004) | The Swedish Mammography Cohort | 61,084 women aged 38-76. | 13.5
(1987-90 to 2003) | 266 | Invasive epithelial ovarian cancer incidence | Green leafy vegetables (iceberg lettuce, china cabbage, spinach, and kale) |
RR = 0.83 (0.55-1.25; P = 0.22) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
< 1.5: RR = 1.
1.5-< 3.0: RR = 1.00 (0.71-1.40).
3.0-< 7.0: RR = 0.83 (0.55-1.25).
≥ 7.0: RR = 0.83 (0.55-1.25). | Age at baseline, BMI, education, parity, oral contraceptive use, fish consumption, and dietary lactose. |
| 4) Fairfield KM (2001) | The Nurses' Health Study | 80,326 women aged 38-63. Excluding women with a history of bilateral oophorectomy, hysterectomy with unknown number of ovaries removed, or history of pelvic irradiation.
(USA) | 1984-1996 | 204 | Invasive epithelial ovarian cancer incidence | Green leafy vegetables (cooked or raw spinach, kale, iceberg lettuce, and romaine lettuce) |
RR = 0.86 (0.58-1.26; P = 0.51) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
≤ 2: RR = 1.
3-6: RR = 0.86 (0.60-1.24).
7+: RR = 0.86 (0.58-1.26). | Age, BMI, duration of oral contraceptive use, smoking history, parity, history of tubal ligation, total energy, and dietary fiber. |
| 3) Kushi LH (1999) | The Iowa Women's Health Study | 29,083 postmenopausal women aged 55-69 without a history of bilateral oophorectomy. | 10
(1986-1995) | 139 | Epithelial ovarian cancer incidence | Green leafy vegetables (not defined) |
RR = 0.44 (0.25-0.79; P = 0.01) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Servings/week):
< 2: RR = 1.
2-3: RR = 0.80 (0.47-1.35).
4-6: RR = 0.87 (0.56-1.34).
> 6: RR = 0.44 (0.25-0.79). | Age, total energy intake, number of livebirths, age at menopause, family history of ovarian cancer, hysterectomy/unilateral oophorectomy status, waist-to-hip ratio, level of physical activity, cigarette smoking, and education. |
| 1) Kiani F (2006) | The Adventist Health Study | 13,281 non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventist women aged ≥ 25 without a history of hysterectomy.
(USA) | 1976-1992 | 55
(of which 47 postmenopausal) | Epithelial ovarian cancer risk | Green cooked vegetables (not defined) |
| All cases: | Postmenopausal cases: |
RR = 0.59 (0.28-1.24; P = 0.17) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency/week):
≤ 2: RR = 1.
3-4: RR = 1.53 (0.72-3.24).
≥ 5: RR = 0.59 (0.28-1.24).
|
RR = 0.60 (0.27-1.38; P = 0.26) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency/week):
≤ 2: RR = 1.
3-4: RR = 1.64 (0.71-3.75).
≥ 5: RR = 0.60 (0.27-1.38).
|
Age, parity, BMI, and for age at menopause and HRT in postmenopausal analyses. |
| | |