Cabbages and pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer risk: Data about the relation with pancreatic cancer risk was provided by 4 cohorts, including a total of 961 cases. A significant protective effect was found from pooled results of 2 cohorts, including 135 cases (14). No other associations were found (6, 18).

Pancreatic cancer mortality: Data about the relation with pancreatic cancer mortality was provided by one cohort (15). No association was found with Chinese cabbage.

Conclusion: A significant protective effect was found from pooled results of 2 cohorts, but these included only 14% of all cases. No evidence was found for an association between cabbages and pancreatic cancer.

Author

Cohort name

Subjects

Years of follow-up

Cases

End point

Consumption of

Relative Risk (RR)

Adjustments

18) Vrieling A (2009)

The EPIC Study

478,400 subjects from 10 European countries (excluding Umea center from Sweden).

8.9
(1991-2000 to 2002-2007)

520

Invasive exocrine pancreatic cancer incidence

Cabbages (not defined)

HR = 0.95 (0.69-1.29; P = 0.73) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
< 5: HR = 1.
5-17: HR = 0.97 (0.75-1.26).
17-36: HR = 0.94 (0.72-1.23).
> 36: HR = 0.95 (0.69-1.29).

Stratified by age at entry, sex and center. Adjusted for energy from fat, energy from non-fat, weight, height, history of diabetes, and smoking status.

Waist-to-hip ratio, alcohol, red meat and processed meat intake, and education did not markedly change the risk estimates.

15) Iso H (2007)

The JACC Study.

39,486 men, and 54,325 women.
(Japan)

Not defined.

178 men, and
187 women.

Pancreas cancer mortality

Chinese cabbage


Men:	Women
HR = 1.07 (0.69-1.65) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data: < 1/w: HR = 1. 1-2/w: HR = 1.09 (0.70-1.69). ≥ 3/w: HR = 1.07 (0.69-1.65).	HR = 1.03 (0.67-1.57) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data: < 1/w: HR = 1. 1-2/w: HR = 1.09 (0.70-1.69). ≥ 3/w: HR = 1.03 (0.67-1.57).

Age and study area.

14) Larsson SC (2006)

The Swedish Mammography Cohort
&
The Cohort of Swedish Men

81,922 subjects (36,616 women and 45,306 men).

6.8
(1998-2004)

135?

Primary malignant neoplasm of the exocrine pancreas incidence

Cabbages

A significant inverse association: HR = 0.62 (0.39-0.99) for consumption ≥ 1 serving/wk vs never consumption.

Age, sex, education, BMI, physical activity, cigarette smoking status and pack-years of smoking, multivitamin supplement use, and intakes of total energy, and alcohol.

6) Bobe G (2008)

The Alpha-Tocopherol, beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC)

27,111 healthy male smokers of ≥ 5 cigarettes/day aged 50-69.
(Finland)

16.1
(1985-2004)

306

Primary exocrine adenocarcinoma of the pancreas incidence

Cabbage (not defined)

HR = 0.98 (0.68-1.40; P = 0.76) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (g/day):
0: HR = 1.
> 0.16-4.3: HR = 0.74 (0.51-1.07).
> 4.3: HR = 0.98 (0.68-1.40).

Effect modification:
No significant interaction was found by intervention (any supplement [alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, or both] vs placebo).

Age at randomization, years of smoking, total number of cigarettes per day, self-reported history of diabetes mellitus, and energy-adjusted saturated fat intake.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to pancreatic cancer risk & mortality.

Cabbages and pancreatic cancer.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our dietto pancreatic cancer risk & mortality.

Cabbages and pancreatic cancer.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to pancreatic cancer risk & mortality.