| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 18) Vrieling A (2009) | The EPIC Study | 478,400 subjects from 5 European countries (excluding France, UK, Greece, Denmark, Norway, Naples (Italy), and Umea center from Sweden). | 8.9
(1991-2000 to 2002-2007) | 255 | Invasive exocrine pancreatic cancer incidence | Fruit juices (not defined) |
HR = 0.79 (0.47-1.33; P = 0.12) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0: HR = 1.
0-19: HR = 1.37 (0.88-2.14).
19-68: HR = 1.21 (0.78-1.89).
> 68: HR = 0.79 (0.47-1.33). | Stratified by age at entry, sex and center. Adjusted for energy from fat, energy from non-fat, weight, height, history of diabetes, and smoking status.
Waist-to-hip ratio, alcohol, red meat and processed meat intake, and education did not markedly change the risk estimates. |
| 18) Vrieling A (2009) | The EPIC Study | 478,400 subjects from 7 European countries (excluding France, UK, Norway, and Naples (Italy). | 8.9
(1991-2000 to 2002-2007) | 401 | Invasive exocrine pancreatic cancer incidence | Citrus fruit juices (not defined) |
HR = 0.91 (0.68-1.22; P = 0.43) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
< 0.6: HR = 1.
0.6-8.2: HR = 1.01 (0.73-1.40).
8.2-43: HR = 1.00 (0.73-1.35).
> 43: HR = 0.91 (0.68-1.22). | Stratified by age at entry, sex and center. Adjusted for energy from fat, energy from non-fat, weight, height, history of diabetes, and smoking status.
Waist-to-hip ratio, alcohol, red meat and processed meat intake, and education did not markedly change the risk estimates. |
| 16) Nöthlings U (2007) | The Multiethnic Cohort Study | 162,150 subjects (72,966 men and 89,184 women) aged 45-75.
(Hawaii-Los Angeles) | 8
(1993-96 to 2002) | 434 | Exocrine pancreatic cancer incidence | Fruit juices (not defined) |
RR = 1.08 (0.83-1.41; P = 0.56) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1000 kcal./d):
< 4.7: RR = 1.
4.7-20.2: RR = 1.02 (0.78-1.34).
20.2-60.0: RR = 0.98 (0.74-1.29).
≥ 60.0: RR = 1.08 (0.83-1.41).
There was little evidence of effect modification by smoking status (never, former, or current). | Controlled for sex and time on study. Adjusted for race-ethnicity, age at cohort entry, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, family history of pancreatic cancer, energy intake, intakes of red meat and processed meat, and BMI. |
| 15) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 41,330 men, and 56,482 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 183 men, and
193 women. | Pancreas cancer mortality | Fresh fruit juice in summer season (not defined) |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 0.66 (0.43-1.02; P = < 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.86 (0.57-1.29).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.66 (0.43-1.02).
|
HR = 0.70 (0.49-1.00; P = < 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.67 (0.44-1.02; P = < 0.10).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.70 (0.49-1.00).
|
Age and study area. |
| 15) Lin Y (2006) | The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC Study) | 46,465 men and 64,327 women aged 40-79. | 10
(1988-90 to 1999) | See variables | Pancreatic cancer death | Fresh fruit juice (not defined) |
Stratified by gender:
Men
(88 cases) | women
(105 cases) |
HR = 0.33 (0.13-0.84; P = 0.01) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
0-2/mo: HR = 1.
1-4/wk: HR = 0.72 (0.46-1.14).
Almost every day: HR = 0.33 (0.13-0.84).
|
HR = 1.09 (0.62-1.90; P = 0.55) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
0-2/mo: HR = 1.
1-4/wk: HR = 1.32 (0.86-2.02).
Almost every day: HR = 1.09 (0.62-1.90).
|
Stratified by smoking status:
Smokers
(57 cases) | Nonsmokers
(97 cases) |
HR = 0.50 (0.19-1.27; P = 0.09) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
0-2/mo: HR = 1.
1-4/wk: HR = 0.72 (0.41-1.26).
Almost every day: HR = 0.50 (0.19-1.27).
|
HR = 1.12 (0.62-2.03; P = 0.41) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
0-2/mo: HR = 1.
1-4/wk: HR = 1.47 (0.95-2.28).
Almost every day: HR = 1.12 (0.62-2.03).
|
Age, area, and pack-years of smoking.
Additional adjustment for potential confounders, such as history of diabetes, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and coffee and green tea consumption, did not alter the risk estimates materially. |
| 12) Michaud DS (2005) | The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study
&
The Nurses' Health Study | 47,493 men and 77,179 women.
(USA) | Women: 1984-2000.
Men: 1986-2000. | 366?
(185 men, and 181 women) | Pancreatic cancer incidence | Fruit juice (not defined) | No substantial increase in risk was found (no data shown). | Age, pack-years of smoking, BMI, physical activity, history of diabetes mellitus, caloric intake, height, and multivitamin use. |
| 6) Bobe G (2008) | The Alpha-Tocopherol, beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC) | 27,111 healthy male smokers of ≥ 5 cigarettes/day aged 50-69.
(Finland) | 16.1
(1985-2004) | 306 | Primary exocrine adenocarcinoma of the pancreas incidence | Fruit juices (not defined) |
HR = 0.84 (0.60-1.17; P = 0.16) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.002-32.86: HR = 1.08 (0.80-1.46).
32.94-121.5: HR = 0.96 (0.71-1.31).
> 121.5: HR = 0.84 (0.60-1.17).
Effect modification:
No significant interaction was found by intervention (any supplement [alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, or both] vs placebo). | Age at randomization, years of smoking, total number of cigarettes per day, self-reported history of diabetes mellitus, and energy-adjusted saturated fat intake. |
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