| 18) Vrieling A (2009) | The EPIC Study | 478,400 subjects from 9 European countries (excluding Norway). | 8.9
(1991-2000 to 2002-2007) | 544 | Invasive exocrine pancreatic cancer incidence | Leafy vegetables (not defined) |
HR = 0.89 (0.62-1.28; P = 0.55) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
< 5: HR = 1.
5-16: HR = 0.93 (0.71-1.21).
16-43: HR = 1.00 (0.74-1.34).
> 43: HR = 0.89 (0.62-1.28). | Stratified by age at entry, sex and center. Adjusted for energy from fat, energy from non-fat, weight, height, history of diabetes, and smoking status.
Waist-to-hip ratio, alcohol, red meat and processed meat intake, and education did not markedly change the risk estimates. |
| 16) Nöthlings U (2007) | The Multiethnic Cohort Study | 183,522 men and women aged 45-75.
(Hawaii-Los Angeles) | 8.3
(1993-96 to 2002) | 529 | Exocrine pancreatic cancer incidence | Light-green vegetables (Includes light green cruciferous vegetables (Brussels sprouts, head cabbage, won bok (headed Chinese cabbage)), asparagus, lettuce, and other light green vegetables) |
RR = 0.87 (0.65-1.17; P = 0.161) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1,000 kcal/day):
12.21: RR = 1.
21.42: RR = 1.14 (0.87-1.50).
30.44: RR = 1.01 (0.76-1.34).
42.86: RR = 1.04 (0.78-1.37).
69.06: RR = 0.87 (0.65-1.17).
Stratified by smoking status:
Current smokers
(112 cases) | Never smokers
(206 cases) |
RR = 0.70 (0.39-1.24; P = 0.186) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.84 (0.52-1.35).
Q3: RR = 0.72 (0.42-1.23).
Q4: RR = 0.70 (0.39-1.24).
|
RR = 0.80 (0.53-1.20; P = 0.254) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.94 (0.63-1.41).
Q3: RR = 0.80 (0.53-1.21).
Q4: RR = 0.80 (0.53-1.20).
|
Stratified by ethnicity:
African-American
(108 cases) | Japanese-American
(179 cases) | Caucasian
(114 cases) |
RR = 0.72 (0.44-1.19; P = 0.186) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 0.92 (0.59-1.43).
T4: RR = 0.72 (0.44-1.19).
|
RR = 0.91 (0.60-1.36; P = 0.566) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 0.99 (0.66-1.49).
T4: RR = 0.91 (0.60-1.36).
|
RR = 1.11 (0.69-1.78; P = 0.651) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 1.13 (0.71-1.80).
T4: RR = 1.11 (0.69-1.78).
|
Stratified by BMI:
< 25
(267 cases) | ≥ 25
(262 cases) |
RR = 0.99 (0.68-1.44; P = 0.914) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.92 (0.63-1.35).
Q3: RR = 1.18 (0.82-1.68).
Q4: RR = 0.99 (0.68-1.44).
|
RR = 0.72 (0.50-1.05; P = 0.042) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.04 (0.76-1.44).
Q3: RR = 0.83 (0.58-1.17).
Q4: RR = 0.72 (0.50-1.05).
|
No differences in effects of vegetables on risk were found, stratified by processed meat intake.Sex and time in the study were adjusted for as strata variables. Further adjustment was made for age at cohort entry, ethnicity, history of diabetes mellitus, family history of pancreatic cancer, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, intakes of red meat and processed meat, energy intake, and body mass index. |
| 16) Nöthlings U (2007) | The Multiethnic Cohort Study | 183,522 men and women aged 45-75.
(Hawaii-Los Angeles) | 8.3
(1993-96 to 2002) | 529 | Exocrine pancreatic cancer incidence | Dark green vegetables (Includes dark green cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, pak choy (Chinese celery cabbage), mustard greens, turnip greens, watercress, choi sum (flowering white cabbage), collard greens), taro leaves, spinach, dark green lettuce, peppers, and other dark green vegetables) |
RR = 0.80 (0.60-1.08; P = 0.081) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1,000 kcal/day):
5.77: RR = 1.
11.28: RR = 1.00 (0.76-1.32).
17.05: RR = 1.08 (0.83-1.41).
26.01: RR = 1.02 (0.78-1.35).
48.47: RR = 0.80 (0.60-1.08).
Stratified by gender:
| Men | Women |
| RR = 0.91 (0.59-1.40; P = 0.545) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
RR = 0.69 (0.46-1.04; P = 0.069) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
Stratified by smoking status:
Current smokers
(112 cases) | Never smokers
(206 cases) |
RR = 0.50 (0.27-0.92; P = 0.029) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.77 (0.48-1.24).
Q3: RR = 0.69 (0.41-1.15).
Q4: RR = 0.50 (0.27-0.92).
|
RR = 0.69 (0.45-1.06; P = 0.062) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.96 (0.64-1.45).
Q3: RR = 1.20 (0.82-1.76).
Q4: RR = 0.69 (0.45-1.06).
|
Stratified by ethnicity:
African-American
(108 cases) | Japanese-American
(179 cases) | Caucasian
(114 cases) |
RR = 0.65 (0.40-1.07; P = 0.043) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 1.09 (0.69-1.73).
T4: RR = 0.65 (0.40-1.07).
|
RR = 0.80 (0.54-1.19; P = 0.139) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 1.07 (0.79-1.75).
T4: RR = 0.80 (0.54-1.19).
|
RR = 1.41 (0.88-2.27; P = 0.168) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 1.35 (0.84-2.15).
T4: RR = 1.41 (0.88-2.27).
|
Stratified by BMI:
< 25
(267 cases) | ≥ 25
(262 cases) |
RR = 1.08 (0.73-1.59; P = 0.702) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.39 (0.96-2.01).
Q3: RR = 1.57 (1.09-2.25).
Q4: RR = 1.08 (0.73-1.59).
|
RR = 0.80 (0.56-1.15; P = 0.214) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.92 (0.66-1.28).
Q3: RR = 0.87 (0.62-1.22).
Q4: RR = 0.80 (0.56-1.15).
|
No differences in effects of vegetables on risk were found, stratified by processed meat intake.Sex and time in the study were adjusted for as strata variables. Further adjustment was made for age at cohort entry, ethnicity, history of diabetes mellitus, family history of pancreatic cancer, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, intakes of red meat and processed meat, energy intake, and body mass index. |
| 4) Shibata A (1994) | The Leisure World Study | 13,979 residents of a retirement community. | 9
(1981-1990) | 63 | Pancreatic cancer incidence | Dark green vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts and other leafy greens) |
RR = 1.18 (0.67-2.08) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per day):
< 0.12: RR = 1.
0.12-0.47: RR = 0.70 (0.36-1.37).
≥ 0.48: RR = 1.18 (0.67-2.08). | Sex, age and cigarette smoking. |
| 1) Mills PK (1988) | The Adventist Health Study | 34,198 non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists aged ≥ 25. | 1976-82 | 40? | Pancreas cancer death | Cooked green vegetables (not defined) | A nonsignificantly increased risk (no data shown). | Age and sex. |
Prospective studies of green leafy vegetables and pancreatic cancer:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 15) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 40,209 men, and 56,330 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 184 men, and
196 women. | Pancreas cancer mortality | Cabbage or head lettuce |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 1.07 (0.72-1.60) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 1.10 (0.76-1.59).
≥ 5/w: HR = 1.07 (0.72-1.60).
|
HR = 0.91 (0.64-1.31) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.96 (0.67-1.37).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.91 (0.64-1.31).
|
Age and study area. |
| 15) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 43,850 men, and 60,169 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 209 men, and
204 women. | Pancreas cancer mortality | Spinach or Garland chrysanthemum |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 0.80 (0.56-1.15) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.93 (0.65-1.33).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.80 (0.56-1.15).
|
HR = 1.23 (0.86-1.76) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 1.25 (0.86-1.81).
≥ 5/w: HR = 1.23 (0.86-1.76).
|
Age and study area. |
| 15) Lin Y (2006) | The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC Study) | 46,465 men and 64,327 women aged 40-79. | 10
(1988-90 to 1999) | See variables | Pancreatic cancer death | Cabbage and lettuce |
Stratified by gender:
Men
(106 cases) | women
(126 cases) |
HR = (; P = ) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
0-2/mo: HR = 1.
1-4/wk: HR = ().
Almost every day: HR = ().
|
HR = 0.97 (0.49-1.92; P = 0.81) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
0-2/mo: HR = 1.
1-4/wk: HR = 1.05 (0.56-1.98).
Almost every day: HR = 0.97 (0.49-1.92).
|
Stratified by smoking status:
Smokers
(66 cases) | Nonsmokers
(116 cases) |
HR = 0.72 (0.32-1.62; P = 0.43) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
0-2/mo: HR = 1.
1-4/wk: HR = 0.85 (0.44-1.66).
Almost every day: HR = 0.72 (0.32-1.62).
|
HR = 1.07 (0.53-2.17; P = 0.82) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
0-2/mo: HR = 1.
1-4/wk: HR = 1.03 (0.53-1.99).
Almost every day: HR = 1.07 (0.53-2.17).
|
Age, area, and pack-years of smoking.
Additional adjustment for potential confounders, such as history of diabetes, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and coffee and green tea consumption, did not alter the risk estimates materially. |
| 14) Larsson SC (2006) | The Swedish Mammography Cohort
&
The Cohort of Swedish Men | 81,922 subjects (36,616 women and 45,306 men). | 6.8
(1998-2004) | 135
(61 women and 74 men) | Primary malignant neoplasm of the exocrine pancreas incidence | Green leafy vegetables (spinach, iceberg salad, and leaf lettuce) |
HR = 0.88 (0.47-1.67; P = 0.99) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1.0: HR = 1.
1.0-2.9: HR = 0.93 (0.57-1.53).
3.0-6.9: HR = 1.21 (0.76-1.92).
≥ 7.0: HR = 0.88 (0.47-1.67). | Age, sex, education, BMI, physical activity, cigarette smoking status and pack-years of smoking, multivitamin supplement use, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, citrus fruits and cruciferous vegetables. |
| 12) Michaud DS (2005) | The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study
&
The Nurses' Health Study | 47,493 men and 77,179 women.
(USA) | Women: 1984-2000.
Men: 1986-2000. | 366?
(185 men, and 181 women) | Pancreatic cancer incidence | Leafy vegetables (spinach, iceberg or head lettuce, and romaine or leaf lettuce) | No substantial increase in risk was found (no data shown). | Age, pack-years of smoking, BMI, physical activity, history of diabetes mellitus, caloric intake, height, and multivitamin use. |
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