| 16) Nöthlings U (2007) | The Multiethnic Cohort Study | 183,522 men and women aged 45-75.
(Hawaii-Los Angeles) | 8.3
(1993-96 to 2002) | 529 | Exocrine pancreatic cancer incidence | Legumes (Includes dried beans and soy products) |
RR = 0.84 (0.62-1.13; P = 0.099) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1,000 kcal/day):
3.67: RR = 1.
8.55: RR = 0.99 (0.75-1.29).
13.39: RR = 1.01 (0.77-1.32).
20.85: RR = 0.85 (0.64-1.13).
43.16: RR = 0.84 (0.62-1.13).
Stratified by gender:
| Men | Women |
| RR = 0.75 (0.50-1.13; P = 0.235) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
RR = 0.96 (0.61-1.51; P = 0.278) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
Stratified by smoking status:
Current smokers
(112 cases) | Never smokers
(206 cases) |
RR = 1.46 (0.83-2.55; P = 0.376) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.20 (0.72-2.00).
Q3: RR = 0.88 (0.50-1.56).
Q4: RR = 1.46 (0.83-2.55).
|
RR = 0.77 (0.49-1.21; P = 0.050) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.31 (0.88-1.95).
Q3: RR = 1.05 (0.70-1.59).
Q4: RR = 0.77 (0.49-1.21).
|
Stratified by ethnicity:
African-American
(108 cases) | Japanese-American
(179 cases) | Caucasian
(114 cases) |
RR = 1.26 (0.77-2.06; P = 0.385) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 1.23 (0.79-1.92).
T4: RR = 1.26 (0.77-2.06).
|
RR = 0.82 (0.55-1.22; P = 0.380) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 0.87 (0.60-1.27).
T4: RR = 0.82 (0.55-1.22).
|
RR = 0.75 (0.44-1.29; P = 0.360) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 1.08 (0.72-1.63).
T4: RR = 0.75 (0.44-1.29).
|
Stratified by BMI:
< 25
(267 cases) | ≥ 25
(262 cases) |
RR = 1.01 (0.69-1.48; P = 0.624) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.24 (0.88-1.75).
Q3: RR = 1.14 (0.80-1.63).
Q4: RR = 1.01 (0.69-1.48).
|
RR = 0.75 (0.51-1.09; P = 0.045) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles not defined):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.98 (0.71-1.37).
Q3: RR = 0.76 (0.53-1.08).
Q4: RR = 0.75 (0.51-1.09).
|
No differences in effects of vegetables on risk were found, stratified by processed meat intake.Sex and time in the study were adjusted for as strata variables. Further adjustment was made for age at cohort entry, ethnicity, history of diabetes mellitus, family history of pancreatic cancer, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, intakes of red meat and processed meat, energy intake, and body mass index. |
| 15) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 41,816 men, and 57,985 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 193 men, and
201 women. | Pancreas cancer mortality | Boiled beans (not defined) |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 0.87 (0.57-1.33) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.75 (0.51-1.11).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.87 (0.57-1.33).
|
HR = 1.21 (0.84-1.74) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.06 (0.73-1.52).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.21 (0.84-1.74).
|
Age and study area. |
| 12) Michaud DS (2005) | The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study
&
The Nurses' Health Study | 47,493 men and 77,179 women.
(USA) | Women: 1984-2000.
Men: 1986-2000. | 366?
(185 men, and 181 women) | Pancreatic cancer incidence | Legumes (not defined) | No substantial increase in risk was found (no data shown). | Age, pack-years of smoking, BMI, physical activity, history of diabetes mellitus, caloric intake, height, and multivitamin use. |
| 6) Bobe G (2008) | The Alpha-Tocopherol, beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC) | 27,111 healthy male smokers of ≥ 5 cigarettes/day aged 50-69.
(Finland) | 16.1
(1985-2004) | 306 | Primary exocrine adenocarcinoma of the pancreas incidence | Beans (not defined) | HR = 0.99 (0.72-1.37; P = 0.95) for consumption > 0 vs 0 g/day.
Effect modification:
No significant interaction was found by intervention (any supplement [alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, or both] vs placebo). | Age at randomization, years of smoking, total number of cigarettes per day, self-reported history of diabetes mellitus, and energy-adjusted saturated fat intake. |
| 6) Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ (2002) | The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC). | 27,111 male smokers of ≥ 5 cigarettes/day aged 50-69.
(Finland) | 13
(1985-88 to 1997) | 163? | Primary malignant neoplasm of the exocrine pancreas incidence | Legumes (not defined) |
HR = 0.89 (0.52-1.53; P = 0.89) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
≤ 1.7: HR = 1.
> 1.7 and ≤ 3.1: HR = 1.23 (0.75-2.03).
> 3.1 and ≤ 4.8: HR = 1.13 (0.68-1.88).
> 4.8 and ≤ 7.9: HR = 1.54 (0.96-2.48).
> 7.9: HR = 0.89 (0.52-1.53). | Energy intake, age and years of smoking.
Additional variables examined in the analyses included ATBC trial interventions; dietary folate, saturated fat, and carbohydrate intakes; history of diabetes mellitus; occupational physical activity; and education. |
| 1) Mills PK (1988) | The Adventist Health Study | 34,198 non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists aged ≥ 25. | 1976-82 | 35 | Pancreas cancer death | Beans, lentils, peas |
RR = 0.43 (0.16-1.13; P = 0.044) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of use/wk):
< 1X: RR = 1.
1-2X: RR = 0.47 (0.21-1.02).
≥ 3X: RR = 0.43 (0.16-1.13).
This association remained after inclusion of smoking status, current use of meat/poultry/fish, vegetarian protein products, and dried fruit in the model: RR = 0.03 (0.003-0.24). | Age and sex. |
| |