Spinach and pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer risk: Data about the relation with pancreatic cancer risk was provided by 2 cohorts (14). A nonsignificant protective effect was found.

Pancreatic cancer mortality: Data about the relation with pancreatic cancer mortality was provided by one cohort (15). No association was found.

Conclusion: No significant associations were found. No evidence was found for an association between spinach and pancreatic cancer.

Author

Cohort name

Subjects

Years of follow-up

Cases

End point

Consumption of

Relative Risk (RR)

Adjustments

15) Lin Y (2006)

The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC Study)

46,465 men and 64,327 women aged 40-79.

10
(1988-90 to 1999)

See variables

Pancreatic cancer death

Spinach

**Stratified by gender:**
Men (114 cases)	women (122 cases)
HR = 1.12 (0.49-2.57; P = 0.54) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (Frequency of intake): 0-2/mo: HR = 1. 1-4/wk: HR = 1.57 (0.72-3.42). Almost every day: HR = 1.12 (0.49-2.57).	HR = 1.25 (0.56-2.77; P = 0.57) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (Frequency of intake): 0-2/mo: HR = 1. 1-4/wk: HR = 1.16 (0.53-2.54). Almost every day: HR = 1.25 (0.56-2.77).

**Stratified by smoking status:**
Smokers (69 cases)	Nonsmokers (115 cases)
HR = 0.65 (0.26-1.63; P = 0.13) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (Frequency of intake): 0-2/mo: HR = 1. 1-4/wk: HR = 1.28 (0.58-2.82). Almost every day: HR = 0.65 (0.26-1.63).	HR = 1.17 (0.53-2.61; P = 0.79) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (Frequency of intake): 0-2/mo: HR = 1. 1-4/wk: HR = 1.10 (0.50-2.40). Almost every day: HR = 1.17 (0.53-2.61).

Age, area, and pack-years of smoking.

Additional adjustment for potential confounders, such as history of diabetes, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and coffee and green tea consumption, did not alter the risk estimates materially.

14) Larsson SC (2006)

The Swedish Mammography Cohort
&
The Cohort of Swedish Men

81,922 subjects (36,616 women and 45,306 men).

6.8
(1998-2004)

135?

Primary malignant neoplasm of the exocrine pancreas incidence

Spinach

A nonsignificant lower risk: HR = 0.59 (0.30-1.16) for consumption ≥ 1 servings/wk vs never consumption.

Age, sex, education, BMI, physical activity, cigarette smoking status and pack-years of smoking, multivitamin supplement use, and intakes of total energy, and alcohol.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to pancreatic cancer risk & mortality.

Spinach and pancreatic cancer.

Cancer & Diet. A systematic review.

Literature review.

Relating various aspects of our dietto pancreatic cancer risk & mortality.

Spinach and pancreatic cancer.

Relating various aspects of our diet
to pancreatic cancer risk & mortality.